Semiconductor device

ABSTRACT

An object is to provide a semiconductor device that can maintain the connection relation between logic circuit units or the circuit configuration of each of the logic circuit units even after supply of power supply voltage is stopped. Another object is to provide a semiconductor device in which the connection relation between logic circuit units or the circuit configuration of each of the logic circuit units can be changed at high speed. In a reconfigurable circuit, an oxide semiconductor is used for a semiconductor element that stores data on the circuit configuration, connection relation, or the like. Specifically, the oxide semiconductor is used for a channel formation region of the semiconductor element.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.13/469,143, filed May 11, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,762,246 issued Sep.12, 2017, which claims the benefit of a foreign priority applicationfiled in Japan as Serial No. 2011-113057 on May 20, 2011, both of whichare incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The technical field relates to a semiconductor device, a method fordriving a semiconductor device, and a method for manufacturing asemiconductor device. The semiconductor device is particularly asemiconductor integrated circuit including a semiconductor element suchas a transistor.

2. Description of the Related Art

A programmable logic device (PLD) is one of semiconductor integratedcircuits. A PLD is an integrated circuit having an internalconfiguration that can be determined and altered (is reconfigurable)after manufacture (see Patent Document 1).

A PLD has the following advantages, for example, over a conventionalapplication specific integrated circuit (ASIC): the development periodcan be shortened and a PLD enables flexible response to a change indesign specification. Accordingly, PLDs are used in various kinds ofdevices.

A PLD includes, for example, a plurality of logic circuit units and awiring between the logic circuit units. A function of the PLD can bechanged by changing the circuit configuration of each of the logiccircuit units or by changing the connection relation between the logiccircuit units.

Further, the PLD may include a storage circuit, in which case data onthe circuit configuration of each of the logic circuit units and thedata on the connection relation between the logic circuit units can bestored in the storage circuit.

As the logic circuit unit, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is used, forexample. An ALU generally consists of an arithmetic operation unitincluding a combination of an adder, a subtractor, and the like; a logicoperation unit including a combination of an AND circuit, an OR circuit,and the like; a shift operation unit including a shift circuit; and aselector circuit that selects these units to output their outputs, suchas a multiplexer.

REFERENCE

Patent Document 1: Japanese Published Patent Application No. H11-317659

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

When SRAM or DRAM is used as the storage circuit, the connectionrelation between ALUs or the circuit configuration of each ALU, forexample, can be changed at high speed. However, since SRAM and DRAM arevolatile, stored data is lost when supply of power supply voltage isstopped.

When flash memory, which is nonvolatile, is used as the storage circuit,data can be maintained even after supply of power supply voltage isstopped. However, it is difficult to achieve high-speed operation andreduce power consumption because the drive voltage of flash memory ishigh.

In view of the above, an object of one embodiment of the presentinvention is to provide a semiconductor device that can maintain theconnection relation between logic circuit units or the circuitconfiguration of each of the logic circuit units for a long time evenafter supply of power supply voltage is stopped.

Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to providea semiconductor device in which the connection relation between logiccircuit units or the circuit configuration of each of the logic circuitunits can be changed at high speed.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, a semiconductordevice includes a storage circuit that stores data on a circuitconfiguration or the like, and includes a semiconductor elementincluding an oxide semiconductor in the storage circuit. Specifically,the semiconductor device is a programmable logic device (PLD) andincludes a logic circuit unit and a storage circuit. The circuitconfiguration of the logic circuit unit is maintained in accordance withdata stored in the storage circuit.

The semiconductor device preferably includes a plurality of logiccircuit units, in which case the storage circuit maintains the circuitconfiguration of each of the logic circuit units or the connectionrelation between the logic circuit units. The logic circuit unit can bean arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and may include an operation circuit, aselector circuit, or the like.

Note that in this specification, a PLD is also referred to as areconfigurable circuit.

Note also that in this specification, a semiconductor device refers to ageneral object (e.g., an element and a device) that can operate byutilizing a semiconductor. A semiconductor device includes, in itscategory, a semiconductor element (e.g., a transistor and a diode), anelectric device including the semiconductor element (e.g., an electroniccircuit, a display device, and a light-emitting device), and anelectronic device including the electric device.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, asemiconductor device includes a plurality of operation circuits, aselector circuit, and a storage circuit including a transistor and acapacitor. The storage circuit inputs data to the capacitor and theselector circuit through the transistor. The selector circuit selects atleast one of operation results of the plurality of operation circuits inaccordance with the data. An oxide semiconductor is used for a channelformation region of the transistor.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, asemiconductor device includes a plurality of logic circuit units and aconnector unit. The connector unit includes a first transistor and astorage circuit. The storage circuit includes a second transistor and acapacitor. One of a source and a drain of the first transistor iselectrically connected to one of the plurality of logic circuit units.The other of the source and the drain of the first transistor iselectrically connected to another one of the plurality of logic circuitunits. The storage circuit inputs data to the capacitor and a gate ofthe first transistor through the second transistor. The first transistorcontrols electrical connection between the one and the another one ofthe plurality of logic circuit units in accordance with the data. Anoxide semiconductor is used for a channel formation region of the secondtransistor.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, asemiconductor device includes a plurality of logic circuit units eachincluding a plurality of operation circuits and a selector circuit, afirst storage circuit including a first transistor and a firstcapacitor, and a connector unit including a second transistor and asecond storage circuit. The second storage circuit includes a thirdtransistor and a second capacitor. The first storage circuit inputsfirst data to the first capacitor and the selector circuit through thefirst transistor. The selector circuit selects at least one of operationresults of the plurality of operation circuits in accordance with thefirst data. One of a source and a drain of the second transistor iselectrically connected to one of the plurality of logic circuit units.The other of the source and the drain of the second transistor iselectrically connected to another one of the plurality of logic circuitunits. The second storage circuit inputs second data to the secondcapacitor and a gate of the second transistor through the thirdtransistor. The second transistor controls electrical connection betweenthe one and the another one of the plurality of logic circuit units inaccordance with the second data. An oxide semiconductor is used forchannel formation regions of the first transistor and the thirdtransistor.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, it is possible toprovide a semiconductor device that can maintain data on the connectionrelation between logic circuit units or data on the circuitconfiguration of each of the logic circuit units for a long time evenafter supply of power supply voltage is stopped.

Moreover, according to one embodiment of the present invention, it ispossible to provide a semiconductor device in which the connectionrelation between logic circuit units or the circuit configuration ofeach of the logic circuit units can be changed at high speed or with lowpower consumption.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the accompanying drawings:

FIGS. 1A to 1C each illustrate an example of a semiconductor device;

FIGS. 2A and 2B each illustrate an example of a semiconductor device;

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a semiconductor device;

FIGS. 4A and 4B each illustrate an example of a semiconductor device;

FIGS. 5A to 5C each illustrate an example of a semiconductor device;

FIGS. 6A and 6B each illustrate an example of a semiconductor device;

FIGS. 7A to 7D each illustrate an example of a semiconductor device;

FIGS. 8A to 8E illustrate an example of a CAAC;

FIGS. 9A to 9C illustrate an example of a CAAC;

FIGS. 10A to 10C illustrate an example of a CAAC;

FIGS. 11A to 11E illustrate an example of a method for manufacturing asemiconductor device;

FIG. 12 shows the relation between field-effect mobility and gatevoltage of a transistor;

FIGS. 13A and 13B each illustrate an example of a cross-sectionalstructure of a semiconductor device;

FIGS. 14A to 14C each show a calculation result of electricalcharacteristics of a semiconductor device;

FIGS. 15A to 15C each show a calculation result of electricalcharacteristics of a semiconductor device;

FIGS. 16A to 16C each show a calculation result of electricalcharacteristics of a semiconductor device;

FIGS. 17A to 17C each show a measurement result of electricalcharacteristics of a semiconductor device;

FIGS. 18A and 18B each show a measurement result of electricalcharacteristics of a semiconductor device;

FIGS. 19A and 19B each show a measurement result of electricalcharacteristics of a semiconductor device;

FIG. 20 shows XRD measurement results of oxide semiconductor films ofsemiconductor devices;

FIG. 21 shows characteristics of a semiconductor device;

FIG. 22 shows characteristics of a semiconductor device;

FIGS. 23A and 23B each show characteristics of a semiconductor device;

FIG. 24 illustrates an example of an arithmetic processing unit;

FIGS. 25A to 25D each illustrate an example of an electronic device;

FIGS. 26A and 26B each illustrate an example of a CAAC; and

FIGS. 27A and 27B illustrate an example of a semiconductor device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments will be described below in detail with reference to theaccompanying drawings. Note that the present invention is not limited tothe following description and it is easily understood by those skilledin the art that the mode and details can be variously changed withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Therefore,the present invention should not be construed as being limited to thedescription of the embodiments below.

Note that functions of a “source” and a “drain” are sometimes replacedwith each other when a transistor of opposite polarity is employed orwhen the direction of a current flow is changed in a circuit operation,for example. Therefore, the terms “source” and “drain” can be replacedwith each other in this specification.

The term “electrically connected” includes the case where components areconnected through an “object having any electric function”. There is noparticular limitation on an object having any electric function as longas electric signals can be transmitted and received between componentsconnected through the object. Examples of an object having any electricfunction are a switching element such as a transistor, a resistor, aninductor, a capacitor, and an element with a variety of functions aswell as an electrode and a wiring.

Even when a circuit diagram illustrates independent components as ifthey are electrically connected to each other, there is actually a casewhere one conductive film has functions of a plurality of components,such as a case where part of a wiring also functions as an electrode.The “electrical connection” in this specification includes in itscategory such a case where one conductive film has functions of aplurality of components.

The term “over” or “below” does not necessarily mean that a component isplaced “directly on” or “directly under” another component. For example,the expression “a gate electrode over a gate insulating layer” can meanthe case where a component is placed between the gate insulating layerand the gate electrode.

The position, size, range, or the like of each component illustrated indrawings and the like is not accurately represented in some cases foreasy understanding. Therefore, the disclosed invention is notnecessarily limited to the position, size, range, or the like disclosedin the drawings and the like.

The ordinal number such as “first”, “second”, and “third” are used inorder to avoid confusion among components.

Embodiment 1

In this embodiment, an example of a semiconductor device will bedescribed.

FIG. 1A is an example of a block diagram of a semiconductor device.

The semiconductor device in FIG. 1A includes a logic circuit unit 101and a storage circuit 103. The logic circuit unit 101 includes aplurality of logic circuits 105. In the semiconductor device, at leastone of the plurality of logic circuits 105 is selected in accordancewith data (also referred to as signal) stored in the storage circuit103, and the circuit configuration of the logic circuit unit 101 isdetermined.

An example of the logic circuit unit 101 is an ALU. Examples of theplurality of logic circuits 105 are operation circuits such as an adder,a subtractor, a multiplier, an AND circuit, an OR circuit, a NOTcircuit, an XOR circuit, and a shift circuit; and selector circuits suchas a multiplexer. Alternatively, the logic circuit 105 may be oneelement such as one transistor. It can be said that the logic circuit105 is a circuit including one or a plurality of elements functioning asswitches (e.g., transistors).

The circuit configuration of the logic circuit unit 101 can be changedas appropriate in accordance with data stored in the storage circuit 103so that the logic circuit unit 101 can be used as an adder or an ANDcircuit, for example.

Further, the circuit configuration of the logic circuit unit 101 can bemaintained by holding data in the storage circuit 103. Note that thestorage circuit 103 may be included in the logic circuit unit 101. Aspecific circuit configuration and a driving method of the semiconductordevice will be described below.

(Circuit Configurations of Storage Circuit 103 and Logic Circuit 105)

FIG. 1B illustrates examples of specific circuit configurations of thestorage circuit 103 and the logic circuit 105.

The storage circuit 103 includes a transistor 107 and a capacitor 109.Note that a plurality of storage circuits 103 may be provided, and thenumber of storage circuits 103 can be determined in accordance with theconfiguration of the logic circuit unit 101. When a plurality of storagecircuits 103 are provided, a group of the storage circuits may be simplyreferred to as a storage circuit or a storage circuit unit. In addition,the storage circuit 103 may include an element such as a resistor or adiode.

The transistor 107 is composed of an oxide semiconductor. Specifically,the oxide semiconductor is used for a channel formation region of thetransistor 107. Note that in FIG. 1B, “OS” is written beside thetransistor 107 in order to indicate that the oxide semiconductor is usedin the transistor 107.

A gate of the transistor 107 is electrically connected to a terminal W.One of a source and a drain of the transistor 107 is electricallyconnected to a terminal D. The other of the source and the drain of thetransistor 107 is electrically connected to a terminal F and one of apair of electrodes of the capacitor 109. The other of the pair ofelectrodes of the capacitor 109 is electrically connected to a terminalC. Here, each of the terminals can be electrically connected to a wiringor an electrode. Note that a fixed potential (e.g., a low power supplypotential) can be input to the terminal C.

The logic circuit 105 includes a transistor 111. Here, the case wherethe logic circuit 105 includes one transistor is described forsimplicity; the logic circuit 105 may have another structure.

A gate of the transistor 111 is electrically connected to the terminal Fof the storage circuit 103. That is, the gate of the transistor 111 iselectrically connected to the other of the source and the drain of thetransistor 107 and the one of the pair of electrodes of the capacitor109. One of a source and a drain of the transistor 111 is electricallyconnected to a terminal I. The other of the source and the drain of thetransistor 111 is electrically connected to a terminal O.

For the transistor 111, any of a variety of semiconductors such as asemiconductor containing a semiconductor belonging to Group 14 of theperiodic table (e.g., silicon), an organic semiconductor, a compoundsemiconductor, and an oxide semiconductor can be used. Moreover, anamorphous semiconductor, a microcrystalline semiconductor, apolycrystalline semiconductor, a single crystal semiconductor, or thelike can be used. Specifically, such a semiconductor is used for achannel formation region of the transistor 111.

Examples of a transistor using a single crystal semiconductor are a bulktransistor using a single crystal semiconductor substrate and a thinfilm transistor using an SOI substrate. As a base substrate for the SOIsubstrate, a glass substrate or a semiconductor substrate can be used,for example. An example of a transistor using an amorphoussemiconductor, a microcrystalline semiconductor, or a polycrystallinesemiconductor is a thin film transistor provided over a glass substrate,a semiconductor substrate, or the like.

(Driving Method of Storage Circuit 103 and Logic Circuit 105)

A method for driving the storage circuit 103 and the logic circuit 105illustrated in FIG. 1B will be described.

Data is retained (stored) in the storage circuit 103 in the followingmanner. First, the transistor 107 is turned on by a control signal Writeinput to its gate (a control signal input to the terminal W). Then, asignal potential corresponding to data Data (a signal potential input tothe terminal D) is input to the one of the pair of electrodes of thecapacitor 109 through the transistor 107 in the on state. In otherwords, the storage circuit 103 has a function of inputting the data Datato the capacitor 109 through the transistor 107.

After that, the transistor 107 is turned off by a control signal Writeinput to its gate (a control signal input to the terminal W), wherebythe signal potential is held in the one of the pair of electrodes of thecapacitor 109. At this time, the signal potential is also held in theterminal F. In such a manner, the data Data can be stored in the storagecircuit 103.

The oxide semiconductor is used in the transistor 107, and thus, theoff-state current (also referred to as leakage current) of thetransistor 107 is extremely lower than that of a silicon-basedtransistor, for example. Consequently, the storage circuit 103 can holdthe signal potential in the one of the pair of electrodes of thecapacitor 109 and the terminal F for a long time while the transistor107 is off. As a result, the storage circuit 103 can hold the data Datafor a long time, for example, even after supply of power supply voltageto the semiconductor device is stopped.

Further, the drive voltage of the storage circuit 103 including thetransistor 107 including the oxide semiconductor is lower than that offlash memory including a silicon-based transistor, for example. It isthus possible to achieve higher-speed operation and lower powerconsumption than the case of using the flash memory or the like.

In the logic circuit 105 in FIG. 1B, the signal potential is input tothe gate of the transistor 111 and the on/off state of the transistor111 is controlled. That is, electric conduction between the terminal Iand the terminal O is controlled. Since the storage circuit 103 canretain the data Data for a long time, the circuit configuration of thelogic circuit 105 can be maintained even after supply of the powersupply voltage to the semiconductor device is stopped. “The circuitconfiguration of the logic circuit 105 is maintained” in FIG. 1B meansthat the on/off state of the transistor 111 (electric conduction ornon-electric conduction between the terminal I and the terminal O) ismaintained.

The transistor 111 is desired to operate at high speed, and thus acrystalline semiconductor with high mobility is preferably used. Inparticular, it is preferable to use a single crystal semiconductor andto use a semiconductor containing silicon whose crystallinity is easilyincreased. That is, the transistor 111 is preferably formed using singlecrystal silicon.

Stacking the transistor 107 and the transistor 111 makes it possible toreduce the circuit area. For example, the transistor 107 may be providedover the transistor 111 as illustrated in FIG. 7C. In that case, it ispreferable that the transistor 107 including an oxide semiconductor beprovided over the transistor 111 including single crystal silicon. FIG.7D illustrates a specific example of a cross-sectional structure of thestacked transistors.

The cross-sectional structure in FIG. 7D corresponds to the circuitconfiguration in FIG. 1B. FIG. 7D illustrates a structure in which thetransistor 107 including an oxide semiconductor and the capacitor 109are provided over the transistor 111 including single crystal silicon.

The transistor 111 includes a single crystal silicon layer 131, a gateinsulating layer 133, and a gate electrode 135. The transistor 107includes an oxide semiconductor layer 137, a gate insulating layer 139,and a gate electrode 141. The capacitor 109 includes a pair ofelectrodes (one of which is referred to as one electrode 143 and theother of which is referred to as the other electrode 145) and aninsulating layer 147 serving as a dielectric layer. The gate electrode135 of the transistor 111 is electrically connected to the one electrode143 of the capacitor 109 and one electrode 149 serving as a sourceelectrode or a drain electrode (source/drain electrode 149) of thetransistor 107.

In the example in FIG. 7D, the one electrode 143 of the capacitor 109 isa component extended from the source/drain electrode 149 of thetransistor 107. The insulating layer 147 serving as the dielectric layerof the capacitor 109 is a component extended from the gate insulatinglayer 139 of the transistor 107. The other electrode 145 of thecapacitor 109 is provided over the layer over which the gate electrode141 of the transistor 107 is placed. By employing some or all of thesestructures, films, electrodes, and the like included in the elements canbe fabricated using the same materials through the same steps, resultingin the reduction in costs and the number of steps.

A semiconductor device having the structure illustrated in FIG. 7D canachieve all of the following: high-speed operation, data retention,reduction in circuit area, and reduction in costs and the number ofsteps. Note that the cross-sectional structure of the semiconductordevice is not limited to those illustrated in FIGS. 7C and 7D, and thetransistor 111 may be provided over the transistor 107. Moreover, partof the transistor 107 overlaps with the transistor 111 in FIG. 7D;alternatively, the entire transistor 107 may overlap with the transistor111. Further, the transistor 111 and the transistor 107 are notnecessarily stacked; it is possible to employ a structure where thetransistor 107 and the capacitor 109 are stacked or a structure wherethe transistor 111 and the capacitor 109 are stacked.

As described above, the logic circuit 105 can be controlled inaccordance with the data Data stored in the storage circuit 103.

Note that FIG. 1B shows the case where the logic circuit 105 is onetransistor; the logic circuit 105 may have another configuration. Forexample, the logic circuit 105 may include a CMOS circuit such as aninverter as illustrated in FIG. 1C. The operation of the logic circuit105 in FIG. 1C is similar to that in FIG. 1B; the on/off states of atransistor 121 and a transistor 123 are controlled in accordance withthe data Data stored in the storage circuit 103. That is, electricconduction between a terminal I₁ and the terminal O or electricconduction between a terminal I₂ and the terminal O is selected. Notethat a high power supply potential can be input to the terminal I₁, anda low power supply potential can be input to the terminal I₂.

(Circuit Configurations and Driving Method of Storage Circuit 103 andLogic Circuit Unit 101)

FIG. 2A illustrates examples of circuit configurations of the storagecircuit 103 and the logic circuit unit 101.

The logic circuit unit 101 includes an adder 201, an AND circuit 203,and a selector circuit 205 as the equivalent of the logic circuit 105 inFIG. 1A. That is, the logic circuit unit 101 includes operation circuitssuch as the adder 201 and the AND circuit 203, and the selector circuit205. Any of the other above-described logic circuits may bealternatively used. In addition, the logic circuit unit 101 may includean element such as a resistor or a diode.

As the adder 201 and the AND circuit 203, known circuits are used. Theadder 201 and the AND circuit 203 each have a function of performing anoperation based on inputs from a terminal A and a terminal B andinputting the operation result to the selector circuit 205.

An example of the selector circuit 205 is a multiplexer. The selectorcircuit 205 is electrically connected to the terminal F of the storagecircuit 103. The data Data of the storage circuit 103 is input to theselector circuit 205 as a selection signal S. The selector circuit 205selects one of inputs from the adder 201 and the AND circuit 203 inaccordance with the data Data, and outputs the selected input to theterminal O. That is, the selector circuit 205 has a function ofselecting one from operation results of the operation circuits such asthe adder 201 and the AND circuit 203 in accordance with the data Data.Furthermore, the selector circuit 205 can select a plurality ofoperation circuits depending on the configuration of the logic circuitunit 101.

FIG. 2B illustrates specific circuit configurations of the storagecircuit 103 and the selector circuit 205.

The selector circuit 205 is an example of a multiplexer with two inputs(the input from the AND circuit and the input from the adder), andincludes a transistor 207, a transistor 209, and an inverter 211. Here,the transistors 207 and 209 have the same polarity. Note that thecircuit configuration of the selector circuit 205 is not limited to thatin FIG. 2B as long as electrical connection between the operationcircuit and the terminal O can be controlled by a transistor.

A gate of the transistor 207 is electrically connected to the terminal Fthrough the inverter 211. One of a source and a drain of the transistor207 is electrically connected to the AND circuit 203. A gate of thetransistor 209 is electrically connected to the terminal F. One of asource and a drain of the transistor 209 is electrically connected tothe adder 201. The other of the source and the drain of the transistor207 and the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 209 areelectrically connected to the terminal O. Note that the number of inputsof the multiplexer can be changed to a given number m (m: a positiveinteger) as appropriate depending on the configuration of the logiccircuit unit 101. In addition, the number of selection signals S can bedetermined in accordance with the number of inputs. The number ofstorage circuits 103 can be determined in accordance with the number ofselection signals S. For example, when the multiplexer has four inputs(m=4: I₀, I₁, I₂, and I₃), there are four kinds of outputs from theterminal O; thus, two selection signals S₀ and S₁ (“S₀S₁”=“00”, “01”,“10”, and “11”) are used and two storage circuits 103 corresponding tothese selection signals are provided (see FIGS. 27A and 27B).

The circuit in FIG. 2B can be driven in a manner similar to those of thecircuits in FIGS. 1B and 1C. First, the storage circuit 103 inputs thedata Data which is to be the selection signal S to the selector circuit205 through the transistor 107. Next, the selector circuit 205 controlsthe on/off state of the transistor 209 in accordance with the data Data,and controls the on/off state of the transistor 207 in accordance withinversion data of the data Data. Then, when the transistor 207 is on andthe transistor 209 is off, the input from the AND circuit 203 isselected and output to the terminal O. On the other hand, when thetransistor 209 is on and the transistor 207 is off, the input from theadder 201 is selected and output to the terminal O.

In such a manner, the selector circuit 205 is controlled in accordancewith the data Data of the storage circuit 103, and one of the operationresults of the adder 201 and the AND circuit 203 is selected. Forsimplicity, only the adder 201, the AND circuit 203, and the selectorcircuit 205 are shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B as the logic circuit 105 in thelogic circuit unit 101; the logic circuit unit may have anotherconfiguration. FIG. 3 illustrates a more practical configuration of asemiconductor device.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a semiconductor device in which a generalALU is used as the logic circuit unit 101. The logic circuit unit 101includes an arithmetic operation unit 301 including a combination of anadder, a subtractor, and the like; a logic operation unit 303 includinga combination of an AND circuit, an OR circuit, and the like; a shiftoperation unit 305 including a shift circuit; and the selector circuit205 that selects these units to output their outputs, such as amultiplexer. The operation units 301, 303, and 305 respectively includeselector circuits 307, 309, and 311 (e.g., multiplexers), and acombination of the circuit configurations of the logic circuits in eachoperation unit can be changed.

Like the selector circuit 205, the selector circuits 307, 309, and 311in the operation units are each controlled in accordance with the dataData of the storage circuit 103, which is to be the selection signal S.In FIG. 3, the storage circuit 103 is a storage circuit unit includingplural pairs of the transistors 107 and the capacitors 109 as in FIG.1B, and the data Data is output from terminals F₁ to F₄. Note that thenumber of the pairs can be determined by the number of inputs of theselector circuits 205, 307, 309, and 311. In the case where the samedata Data is output from the terminals F₁ to F₄, the storage circuit 103such as that in FIG. 1B may be shared with the selector circuits 205,307, 309, and 311, in which case the semiconductor device can bedownsized.

Since the storage circuit 103 can retain the data Data for a long time,the circuit configuration of the logic circuit unit 101 can bemaintained even after supply of the power supply voltage to thesemiconductor device is stopped. Moreover, the effects of increasing theoperation speed and reducing power consumption of the storage circuit103 are more significant as the circuit configuration is complicated asillustrated in FIG. 3.

When a plurality of circuits such as those illustrated in FIGS. 2A and2B and FIG. 3 are provided, the number of bits of signals input from theterminal A and the terminal B can be increased. In other words, an n-bitlogic circuit unit 101 (n: a positive integer) can be configured.

This embodiment can be implemented in combination with any of the otherembodiments as appropriate.

Embodiment 2

In this embodiment, an example of a semiconductor device different fromthat in Embodiment 1 will be described.

FIGS. 4A and 4B each illustrate a variation example of FIG. 1B.

First, the example in FIG. 4A is described. The storage circuit 103 isthe same as that in FIG. 1B and the like.

The logic circuit 105 in FIG. 4A includes the transistor 111, atransistor 401, and an inverter 403. The transistor 111 and thetransistor 401 are electrically connected in parallel to each otherbetween the terminal I and the terminal O. That is, one of the sourceand the drain of the transistor 111 and one of a source and a drain ofthe transistor 401 are electrically connected to the terminal I, and theother of the source and the drain of the transistor 111 and the other ofthe source and the drain of the transistor 401 are electricallyconnected to the terminal O.

The transistors 111 and 401 have different polarities; one of thetransistors 111 and 401 is an n-channel transistor and the other thereofis a p-channel transistor. The data Data of the storage circuit 103 isinput to the gate of the transistor 111. Inversion data of the data Datais input to a gate of the transistor 401. The use of the transistors 111and 401 with different polarities as in FIG. 4A makes it possible tosuppress the voltage shift by the threshold voltages of the transistors111 and 401.

Next, the example in FIG. 4B is described.

The storage circuit 103 in FIG. 4B includes the transistor 107, thecapacitor 109, a transistor 405, a capacitor 407, and an inverter 409.The transistor 107 and the capacitor 109 are the same as those in FIG.1B and the like. A gate of the transistor 405 is electrically connectedto the terminal W. One of a source and a drain of the transistor 405 iselectrically connected to the terminal D through the inverter 409. Theother of the source and the drain of the transistor 405 is electricallyconnected to one of a pair of electrodes of the capacitor 407 and theterminal F₂.

In the logic circuit 105 in FIG. 4B, the transistor 111 and thetransistor 401 with different polarities are electrically connected inparallel to each other between the terminal I and the terminal O as inFIG. 4A. The data Data of the storage circuit 103 is input to the gateof the transistor 111. Inversion data of the data Data is input to thegate of the transistor 401. As in FIG. 4A, the use of the transistors111 and 401 with different polarities makes it possible to suppress thevoltage shift by the threshold voltages of the transistors 111 and 401.

This embodiment can be implemented in combination with any of the otherembodiments as appropriate.

Embodiment 3

In this embodiment, an example of a semiconductor device different fromthose in Embodiments 1 and 2 will be described.

A semiconductor device in FIG. 5A includes a plurality of logic circuitunits 101 and a connector unit 501. The logic circuit unit 101 is thesame as those in FIGS. 1A to 1C, FIGS. 2A and 2B, and FIG. 3 and can bean ALU or the like.

The connector unit 501 has a function of controlling electricalcontinuity of wirings 503 with which the plurality of logic circuitunits 101 are electrically connected to each other. FIG. 5B illustratesthe connector unit 501 in detail.

The circuit configuration and driving method of the connector unit 501in FIG. 5B are the same as those in FIG. 1B; the on/off state of thetransistor 111 is controlled in accordance with the data Data of thestorage circuit 103. That is, electric conduction between the terminal Iand the terminal O is controlled. The terminal I and the terminal O areelectrically connected to different logic circuit units 101, andelectrical connection between the logic circuit units 101 is controlledby controlling electric conduction between the terminal I and theterminal O. Note that the logic circuit 105 is not limited to a circuitincluding one transistor 111, and may include one or a plurality ofelements functioning as switches (e.g., transistors).

As described above, the transistor 111 in the connector unit 501 has afunction of controlling electrical connection between one and another ofthe plurality of logic circuit units 101 in accordance with the dataData. In addition, the terminal I and the terminal O may be electricallyconnected to the terminal A and the terminal O, respectively, of onelogic circuit unit 101 (see FIG. 3 and the like). That is, the output ofone logic circuit unit 101 may be fed back to the input. Note that thestorage circuit 103 may be provided outside the connector unit 501.

FIG. 5C illustrates an example of electrical connection between theplurality of logic circuit units 101. A semiconductor device in FIG. 5Cincludes a memory 505 and a selector circuit 507. Information a toinformation n, such as the control signal Write and the data Data, arestored in the memory 505. The selector circuit 507 is a multiplexer orthe like, and selects and outputs the information to the storage circuit103 in the connector unit 501.

FIG. 5C illustrates a state where the information a is selected and thewirings 503 between the logic circuit units 101 are connected asindicated by arrows. The connection relation is changed when any of theinformation b to information n is selected. Note that only the wirings503 included in the connection relation are shown in FIG. 5C.

In the semiconductor device in FIG. 5C, the storage circuit 103 includedin the connector unit 501 can retain the data Data for a long time;consequently, the connection relation between the plurality of logiccircuit units 101 can be maintained even after supply of the powersupply voltage to the semiconductor device is stopped. Since the drivevoltage of the transistor 107 including an oxide semiconductor in theconnector unit 501 is low, the connection relation can be changed athigher speed with lower power consumption as compared to the case ofusing flash memory, for example.

Note that the storage circuit 103 may be used in the memory 505. In thatcase, the memory 505 can also operate at high speed with low powerconsumption. Moreover, the connector unit 501 may have the configurationillustrated in FIG. 4A or FIG. 4B.

This embodiment can be implemented in combination with any of the otherembodiments as appropriate.

Embodiment 4

In this embodiment, an example of a semiconductor device obtained by acombination of Embodiment 1 and Embodiment 3 will be described.

A semiconductor device in FIG. 6A includes a plurality of logic circuitunits 101 (represented by “+”, “AND”, and the like), the connector unit501, the storage circuit 103, the memory 505, and the selector circuit507. The memory 505 and the selector circuit 507 may be provided outsidethe semiconductor device.

The storage circuit 103 has a function of maintaining the circuitconfiguration of the plurality of logic circuit units 101 as describedin Embodiment 1 and the like.

The connector unit 501 has a function of maintaining the connectionrelation between the plurality of logic circuit units 101 as describedin Embodiment 3 and the like.

Each of the information a to information n stored in the memory 505includes both data on the circuit configuration and data on theconnection relation. The information is held in the storage circuit 103and the connector unit 501, whereby the semiconductor device canmaintain both the circuit configuration and the connection relation evenwhen supply of the power supply voltage is stopped. Since the drivevoltage of the transistor including an oxide semiconductor in thestorage circuit 103 is low, the circuit configuration and the connectionrelation can be changed at high speed with low power consumption.

This embodiment can be implemented in combination with any of the otherembodiments as appropriate.

Embodiment 5

In this embodiment, an example of a configuration for reducing powerconsumption of a semiconductor device will be described.

FIG. 6B illustrates a configuration of a semiconductor device in thecase where supply of the power supply voltage to an unused circuit isstopped. Note that the configurations of the logic circuit unit 101(logic circuit units 101 a and 101 b), the connector unit 501, thestorage circuit 103, and the like are the same as those in the otherembodiments.

The power supply voltage is supplied to the logic circuit units 101 athat are to be used, part of the storage circuit 103 which supplies thedata Data to the logic circuit units 101 a, and a storage circuit of theconnector unit 501 which controls the connection relation between thelogic circuit units 101 a.

In contrast, the power supply voltage stops being supplied to the logiccircuit units 101 b that are not to be used, part of the storage circuit103 which supplies the data Data to the logic circuit units 101 b, and astorage circuit of the connector unit 501 which controls the connectionrelation between the logic circuit units 101 b. Alternatively, supply ofthe power supply voltage to any of these may be stopped. That is, thepower supply voltage may stop being supplied only to the logic circuitunits 101 b that are not to be used.

As an example of stopping supply of the power supply voltage, supply ofthe high power supply potential and supply of the low power supplypotential to the inverter shown as the logic circuit 105 in FIG. 1C canbe stopped by interrupting electrical connection between the terminalsI₁ and I₂ and power supply lines by using a switch or the like.Similarly, supply of the high power supply potential and supply of thelow power supply potential to the adder 201, the AND circuit 203, theselector circuit 205, and the like in FIG. 2A can be stopped by using aswitch or the like.

By stopping supply of the power supply voltage to an unused circuit asdescribed above, power consumption of the semiconductor device can bereduced.

This embodiment can be implemented in combination with any of the otherembodiments as appropriate.

Embodiment 6

In this embodiment, examples of a field-effect transistor that includesan oxide semiconductor layer and can be applied to the transistor in thestorage circuit in the above embodiments will be described.

Examples of transistors in this embodiment will be described withreference to FIGS. 7A and 7B.

The transistor illustrated in FIG. 7A includes a conductive layer 601_a,an insulating layer 602_a, a semiconductor layer 603_a, a conductivelayer 605 a_a, and a conductive layer 605 b_a.

The semiconductor layer 603_a includes a region 604 a_a and a region 604b_a. The region 604 a_a and the region 604 b_a are positioned apart fromeach other and doped with a dopant. Note that a region between theregion 604 a_a and the region 604 b_a serves as a channel formationregion. The semiconductor layer 603_a is provided over an elementformation layer 600_a. Note that it is not necessary to provide theregion 604 a_a and the region 604 b_a.

The conductive layer 605 a_a and the conductive layer 605 b_a areprovided over the semiconductor layer 603_a and electrically connectedto the semiconductor layer 603_a. Side surfaces of the conductive layers605 a_a and 605 b_a are tapered.

The conductive layer 605 a_a overlaps part of the region 604 a_a;however, this embodiment is not limited to this structure. When theconductive layer 605 a_a overlaps part of the region 604 a_a, theresistance between the conductive layer 605 a_a and the region 604 a_acan be low. Further, a region of the semiconductor layer 603_a whichoverlaps with the conductive layer 605 a_a may be all the region 604a_a.

The conductive layer 605 b_a overlaps part of the region 604 b_a;however, this embodiment is not limited to this structure. When theconductive layer 605 b_a overlaps part of the region 604 b_a, theresistance between the conductive layer 605 b_a and the region 604 b_acan be low. Further, a region of the semiconductor layer 603_a whichoverlaps with the conductive layer 605 b_a may be all the region 604b_a.

The insulating layer 602_a is provided over the semiconductor layer603_a, the conductive layer 605 a_a, and the conductive layer 605 b_a.

The conductive layer 601_a is provided over part of the insulating layer602_a, and overlaps the semiconductor layer 603_a with the insulatinglayer 602_a placed therebetween. A region of the semiconductor layer603_a, which overlaps with the conductive layer 601_a with theinsulating layer 602_a placed therebetween, serves as the channelformation region.

The transistor illustrated in FIG. 7B includes a conductive layer 601_b,an insulating layer 602_b, a semiconductor layer 603_b, a conductivelayer 605 a_b, a conductive layer 605 b_b, an insulating layer 606 a, aninsulating layer 606 b, and an insulating layer 607.

The semiconductor layer 603_b includes a region 604 a_b and a region 604b_b. The region 604 a_b and the region 604 b_b are positioned apart fromeach other and doped with a dopant. The semiconductor layer 603_b isprovided over the conductive layers 605 a_b and 605 b_b and an elementformation layer 600_b, for example, and electrically connected to theconductive layers 605 a_b and 605 b_b. Note that it is not necessary toprovide the region 604 a_b and the region 604 b_b.

The insulating layer 602_b is provided over part of the semiconductorlayer 603_b.

The conductive layer 601_b is provided over part of the insulating layer602_b, and overlaps the semiconductor layer 603_b with the insulatinglayer 602_b placed therebetween. A region of the semiconductor layer603_b, which overlaps with the conductive layer 601_b with theinsulating layer 602_b placed therebetween, serves as the channelformation region of the transistor. Note that an insulating layer may beprovided over the conductive layer 601_b.

The insulating layer 606 a is provided over the insulating layer 602_band is in contact with one of a pair of side surfaces of the conductivelayer 601_b.

The insulating layer 606 b is provided over the insulating layer 602_band is in contact with the other of the pair of side surfaces of theconductive layer 601_b.

Note that the dopant concentration of the portions of the regions 604a_b and 604 b_b, which overlap with the insulating layers 606 a and 606b with the insulating layer 602_b placed therebetween, may be lower thanthat of the portions of the regions 604 a_b and 604 b_b, which do notoverlap with the insulating layers 606 a and 606 b.

The conductive layers 605 a_b and 605 b_b are provided over thesemiconductor layer 603_b.

The conductive layer 605 a_b is electrically connected to the region 604a_b and is in contact with the insulating layer 606 a.

The conductive layer 605 b_b is electrically connected to the region 604b_b and is in contact with the insulating layer 606 b.

The insulating layer 607 is provided over the conductive layer 601_b,the conductive layers 605 a_b and 605 b_b, and the insulating layers 606a and 606 b.

Next, the components illustrated in FIGS. 7A and 7B will be described.

As the element formation layers 600_a and 600_b, insulating layers orsubstrates having insulating surfaces can be used, for example. Further,layers over which elements are formed in advance can be used as theelement formation layers 600_a and 600_b.

Each of the conductive layers 601_a and 601_b has a function of a gateof the transistor. Note that a layer functioning as a gate of thetransistor can be called a gate electrode or a gate wiring.

As the conductive layers 601_a and 601_b, it is possible to use, forexample, a layer of a metal material such as molybdenum, magnesium,titanium, chromium, tantalum, tungsten, aluminum, copper, neodymium, orscandium or an alloy material containing any of these materials as amain component. Moreover, the conductive layers 601_a and 601_b can be astack of layers containing materials applicable to the conductive layers601_a and 601_b.

Each of the insulating layers 602_a and 602_b has a function of a gateinsulating layer of the transistor.

Each of the insulating layers 602_a and 602_b can be, for example, asilicon oxide layer, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitridelayer, a silicon nitride oxide layer, an aluminum oxide layer, analuminum nitride layer, an aluminum oxynitride layer, an aluminumnitride oxide layer, a hafnium oxide layer, or a lanthanum oxide layer.Moreover, the insulating layers 602_a and 602_b can be a stack of layerscontaining materials applicable to the insulating layers 602_a and602_b.

Alternatively, as the insulating layers 602_a and 602_b, an insulatinglayer of a material containing, for example, an element that belongs toGroup 13 in the periodic table and oxygen can be used. For example, whenthe semiconductor layers 603_a and 603_b contain a Group 13 element, theuse of insulating layers containing a Group 13 element as insulatinglayers in contact with the semiconductor layers 603_a and 603_b makesthe state of interfaces between the insulating layers and the oxidesemiconductor layers favorable.

Examples of the material containing a Group 13 element and oxygen aregallium oxide, aluminum oxide, aluminum gallium oxide, and galliumaluminum oxide. Note that aluminum gallium oxide refers to a substancein which the amount of aluminum is larger than that of gallium in atomicpercent, and gallium aluminum oxide refers to a substance in which theamount of gallium is larger than or equal to that of aluminum in atomicpercent. For example, it is possible to use a material represented byAl₂O_(x) (x=3+α, where α is larger than 0 and smaller than 1), Ga₂O_(x)(x=3+α, where α is larger than 0 and smaller than 1), orGa_(x)Al_(2-x)O_(3+α) (x is larger than 0 and smaller than 2 and α islarger than 0 and smaller than 1).

The insulating layers 602_a and 602_b can be a stack of layers ofmaterials applicable to the insulating layers 602_a and 602_b. Forexample, the insulating layers 602_a and 602_b can be a stack of layerscontaining gallium oxide represented by Ga₂O_(x). Alternatively, theinsulating layers 602_a and 602_b may be a stack of an insulating layercontaining gallium oxide represented by Ga₂O_(x) and an insulating layercontaining aluminum oxide represented by Al₂O_(x).

Each of the semiconductor layers 603_a and 603_b functions as a layer inwhich a channel of the transistor is formed. Examples of an oxidesemiconductor applicable to the semiconductor layers 603_a and 603_b areIn-based oxide (e.g., indium oxide), Sn-based oxide (e.g., tin oxide),and Zn-based oxide (e.g., zinc oxide).

As the metal oxide, a four-component metal oxide, a three-componentmetal oxide, or a two-component metal oxide can also be used, forexample. Note that a metal oxide that can be used as the oxidesemiconductor may include at least one of gallium, tin, hafnium, andaluminum as a stabilizer for reducing variation in characteristics.Further, a metal oxide that can be used as the oxide semiconductor mayinclude one or plural kinds of the following materials as a stabilizer:lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium,gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium,and lutetium, which are lanthanoid. In addition, a metal oxide that canbe used as the oxide semiconductor may contain silicon oxide.

Examples of a four-component metal oxide are an In—Sn—Ga—Zn-based oxide,an In—Hf—Ga—Zn-based oxide, an In—Al—Ga—Zn-based oxide, anIn—Sn—Al—Zn-based oxide, an In—Sn—Hf—Zn-based oxide, and anIn—Hf—Al—Zn-based oxide.

Examples of a three-component metal oxide are an In—Ga—Zn-based oxide(also referred to as IGZO), an In—Sn—Zn-based oxide, an In—Al—Zn-basedoxide, Sn—Ga—Zn-based oxide, an Al—Ga—Zn-based oxide, a Sn—Al—Zn-basedoxide, an In—Hf—Zn-based oxide, an In—La—Zn-based oxide, anIn—Ce—Zn-based oxide, an In—Pr—Zn-based oxide, an In—Nd—Zn-based oxide,an In—Sm—Zn-based oxide, an In—Eu—Zn-based oxide, an In—Gd—Zn-basedoxide, an In—Tb—Zn-based oxide, an In—Dy—Zn-based oxide, anIn—Ho—Zn-based oxide, an In—Er—Zn-based oxide, an In—Tm—Zn-based oxide,an In—Yb—Zn-based oxide, and an In—Lu—Zn-based oxide.

Examples of a two-component metal oxide are an In—Zn-based oxide, aSn—Zn-based oxide, an Al—Zn-based oxide, a Zn—Mg-based oxide, aSn—Mg-based oxide, an In—Mg-based oxide, an In—Sn-based oxide, and anIn—Ga-based oxide.

Note that for example, an In—Ga—Zn-based oxide refers to an oxidecontaining In, Ga, and Zn, and there is no limitation on the compositionratio of In, Ga, and Zn. The In—Ga—Zn-based oxide may contain a metalelement other than In, Ga, and Zn.

As the oxide semiconductor, a material represented by InLO₃(ZnO)_(m) (mis larger than 0) can be used. Here, L in InLO₃(ZnO)_(m) represents oneor more metal elements selected from Ga, Al, Mn, and Co.

For example, as the oxide semiconductor, an In—Ga—Zn-based oxide with anatomic ratio of In:Ga:Zn=1:1:1 (=⅓:⅓:⅓) or In:Ga:Zn=2:2:1 (=⅖:⅖:⅕), orany of oxides whose composition is in the neighborhood of the abovecompositions can be used. Moreover, as the oxide semiconductor, anIn—Sn—Zn-based oxide with an atomic ratio of In:Sn:Zn=1:1:1 (=⅓:⅓:⅓),In:Sn:Zn=2:1:3 (=⅓:⅙:½), or In:Sn:Zn=2:1:5 (=¼:⅛:⅝) or any of oxideswhose composition is in the neighborhood of the above compositions canbe used.

Without limitation to the materials given above, a material with anappropriate composition can be used depending on needed semiconductorcharacteristics (e.g., mobility, threshold voltage, and variation). Inorder to obtain the needed semiconductor characteristics, it ispreferable that the carrier density, the impurity concentration, thedefect density, the atomic ratio between a metal element and oxygen, theinteratomic distance, the density, and the like be set to appropriatevalues.

The oxide semiconductor may be either single crystal ornon-single-crystal. In the latter case, the oxide semiconductor may beeither amorphous or polycrystal. Further, the oxide semiconductor mayhave either an amorphous structure including a portion havingcrystallinity or a non-amorphous structure.

As the semiconductor layers 603_a and 603_b, it is possible to use alayer of an oxide semiconductor including a crystal with c-axisalignment (c-axis aligned crystalline oxide semiconductor (CAAC-OS)),which has a triangular or hexagonal atomic arrangement when seen fromthe direction of an a-b plane, a surface, or an interface. In thecrystal, metal atoms are arranged in a layered manner or metal atoms andoxygen atoms are arranged in a layered manner along the c-axis, and thedirection of the a-axis or the b-axis is varied in the a-b plane (thecrystal rotates around the c-axis).

In a broad sense, a CAAC means a non-single crystal including a phasewhich has a triangular, hexagonal, regular triangular, or regularhexagonal atomic arrangement when seen from the direction perpendicularto the a-b plane and in which metal atoms are arranged in a layeredmanner or metal atoms and oxygen atoms are arranged in a layered mannerwhen seen from the direction perpendicular to the c-axis direction.

The CAAC is not single crystal, but this does not mean that the CAAC iscomposed of only an amorphous component. Although the CAAC includes acrystallized portion (crystalline portion), a boundary between onecrystalline portion and another crystalline portion is not clear in somecases.

In the case where oxygen is included in the CAAC, nitrogen may besubstituted for part of oxygen included in the CAAC. The c-axes ofindividual crystalline portions included in the CAAC may be aligned inone direction (e.g., a direction perpendicular to a surface of asubstrate over which the CAAC is formed or a surface of the CAAC).Alternatively, the normals of the a-b planes of the individualcrystalline portions included in the CAAC may be aligned in onedirection (e.g., a direction perpendicular to a surface of a substrateover which the CAAC is formed or a surface of the CAAC).

The CAAC becomes a conductor, a semiconductor, or an insulator dependingon its composition or the like. The CAAC transmits or does not transmitvisible light depending on its composition or the like.

An example of such a CAAC is a crystal which is formed into a film shapeand has a triangular or hexagonal atomic arrangement when observed fromthe direction perpendicular to a surface of the film or a surface of asubstrate, and in which metal atoms are arranged in a layered manner ormetal atoms and oxygen atoms (or nitrogen atoms) are arranged in alayered manner when a cross section of the film is observed.

As the oxide semiconductor, it is possible to use a semiconductormaterial with a composition represented by In_(P)Ga_(Q)O_(R)(ZnO)_(M)(0<P<2, 0<Q<2, and M=1 to 3) as the entire layer including ac-axis-aligned crystalline region with a composition represented byIn_(1+σ)Ga_(1−σ)O₃(ZnO)_(M) (0<σ<1 and M=1 to 3).

For example, in the case where the semiconductor layers 603_a and 603_bare oxide semiconductor layers containing the CAAC and the channellength of the transistor is 30 nm, a short-channel effect can beprevented even when the semiconductor layers 603_a and 603_b have athickness of about 5 nm, for instance.

Examples of a crystal structure of the CAAC-OS will be described withreference to FIGS. 8A to 8E, FIGS. 9A to 9C, and FIGS. 10A to 10C. InFIGS. 8A to 8E, FIGS. 9A to 9C, and FIGS. 10A to 10C, the verticaldirection corresponds to the c-axis direction and a plane perpendicularto the c-axis direction corresponds to the a-b plane, unless otherwisespecified. Note that an “upper half” and a “lower half” refer to anupper half above the a-b plane and a lower half below the a-b plane (anupper half and a lower half with respect to the a-b plane). Furthermore,in FIGS. 8A to 8E, O surrounded by a circle represents tetracoordinate Oand O surrounded by a double circle represents tricoordinate O.

FIG. 8A illustrates a structure including one hexacoordinate indium(hexacoordinate In) atom and six tetracoordinate oxygen (tetracoordinateO) atoms proximate to the hexacoordinate In atom. Note that a structureincluding one metal atom such as an In atom and oxygen atoms proximateto the metal atom is referred to as a small group. In FIG. 8A, anoctahedral structure is illustrated as a planar structure forconvenience. Three tetracoordinate O atoms exist in each of the upperand lower halves in FIG. 8A. The electric charge of the small group inFIG. 8A is 0.

FIG. 8B illustrates a structure including one pentacoordinate Ga atom,three tricoordinate oxygen (tricoordinate O) atoms proximate to thepentacoordinate Ga atom, and two tetracoordinate O atoms proximate tothe pentacoordinate Ga atom. All the three tricoordinate O atoms existon the a-b plane. In FIG. 8B, the tetracoordinate O atom exists in eachof the upper and lower halves. Since there is a pentacoordinate indium(pentacoordinate In) atom as well as a hexacoordinate In atom, thestructure in FIG. 8B can be composed of a pentacoordinate In atom, threetricoordinate O atoms, and two tetracoordinate O atoms. The electriccharge of the small group in FIG. 8B is 0.

FIG. 8C illustrates a structure including one tetracoordinate zinc(tetracoordinate Zn) atom and four tetracoordinate O atoms proximate tothe tetracoordinate Zn atom. In FIG. 8C, one tetracoordinate O atomexists in the upper half and three tetracoordinate O atoms exist in thelower half. The electric charge of the small group in FIG. 8C is 0.

FIG. 8D illustrates a structure including one hexacoordinate tin(hexacoordinate Sn) atom and six tetracoordinate O atoms proximate tothe hexacoordinate Sn atom. In FIG. 8D, three tetracoordinate O atomsexist in each of the upper and lower halves. The electric charge of thesmall group in FIG. 8D is +1.

FIG. 8E illustrates a small group including two zinc atoms. In FIG. 8E,one tetracoordinate O atom exists in each of the upper and lower halves.The electric charge of the small group in FIG. 8E is −1.

Note that a plurality of small groups form a medium group, and aplurality of medium groups form a large group (also referred to as unitcell).

A rule of bonding between the small groups is described below. Forexample, three tetracoordinate O atoms in the upper half with respect toa hexacoordinate In atom are each bonded to three proximatehexacoordinate In atoms therebelow, and three tetracoordinate O atoms inthe lower half are each bonded to three proximate hexacoordinate Inatoms thereabove. One tricoordinate O atom in the upper half withrespect to a pentacoordinate Ga atom is bonded to one proximatepentacoordinate Ga atom therebelow, and one tricoordinate O atom in thelower half is bonded to one proximate pentacoordinate Ga atomthereabove. Moreover, one tetracoordinate O atom in the upper half withrespect to a tetracoordinate Zn atom is bonded to one proximatetetracoordinate Zn atom therebelow, and three tetracoordinate O atoms inthe lower half are each bonded to three proximate tetracoordinate Znatoms thereabove. In this manner, the number of tetracoordinate O atomsabove a metal atom is equal to the number of proximate metal atoms beloweach tetracoordinate O atom. Similarly, the number of tetracoordinate Oatoms below a metal atom is equal to the number of proximate metal atomsabove each tetracoordinate O atom. Here, since the coordination numberof the tetracoordinate O atom is 4, the total number of proximate metalatoms below and above the O atom is 4. Accordingly, when the sum of thenumber of tetracoordinate O atoms above a metal atom and the number oftetracoordinate O atoms below another metal atom is 4, two kinds ofsmall groups including the metal atoms can be bonded to each other. Forexample, in the case where a hexacoordinate metal (In or Sn) atom isbonded through three tetracoordinate O atoms in the lower half, it isbonded to a pentacoordinate metal atom or a tetracoordinate metal atom.

A metal atom whose coordination number is 4, 5, or 6 is bonded toanother metal atom through a tetracoordinate O atom in the c-axisdirection. In addition, a medium group can be formed by combining aplurality of small groups so that the total electric charge of thelayered structure is 0.

FIG. 9A illustrates a model of a medium group included in a layeredstructure of an In—Sn—Zn-based material. FIG. 9B illustrates a largegroup including three medium groups. FIG. 9C illustrates an atomicarrangement where the layered structure shown in FIG. 9B is observedfrom the c-axis direction.

Note that in FIG. 9A, for convenience, a tricoordinate O atom is omittedand only the number of tetracoordinate O atoms is shown in a circle; forexample, three tetracoordinate O atoms existing in each of the upper andlower halves with respect to a Sn atom are denoted by circled 3.Similarly, in FIG. 9A, one tetracoordinate O atom existing in each ofthe upper and lower halves with respect to an In atom is denoted bycircled 1. FIG. 9A also shows a Zn atom proximate to one tetracoordinateO atom in the lower half and three tetracoordinate O atoms in the upperhalf, and a Zn atom proximate to one tetracoordinate O atom in the upperhalf and three tetracoordinate O atoms in the lower half.

The medium group included in the layered structure of the In—Sn—Zn-basedmaterial in FIG. 9A has the following structure. In the order startingfrom the top, a Sn atom proximate to three tetracoordinate O atoms ineach of the upper and lower halves is bonded to an In atom proximate toone tetracoordinate O atom in each of the upper and lower halves. The Inatom is bonded to a Zn atom proximate to three tetracoordinate O atomsin the upper half. The Zn atom is bonded to an In atom proximate tothree tetracoordinate O atoms in each of the upper and lower halvesthrough one tetracoordinate O atom in the lower half. The In atom isbonded to a small group that includes two Zn atoms and is proximate toone tetracoordinate O atom in the upper half. The small group is bondedto a Sn atom proximate to three tetracoordinate O atoms in each of theupper and lower halves through one tetracoordinate O atom in the lowerhalf of the small group. A plurality of the medium groups are bonded toform a large group.

Here, electric charge for one bond of a tricoordinate O atom andelectric charge for one bond of a tetracoordinate O atom can be assumedto be −0.667 and −0.5, respectively. For example, electric charge of a(hexacoordinate or pentacoordinate) In atom, electric charge of a(tetracoordinate) Zn atom, and electric charge of a (pentacoordinate orhexacoordinate) Sn atom are +3, +2, and +4, respectively. Accordingly,electric charge in a small group including a Sn atom is +1. Therefore,electric charge of −1, by which the electric charge of +1 is canceled,is needed to form a layered structure including a Sn atom. As astructure having electric charge of −1, the small group including two Znatoms as illustrated in FIG. 8E can be given. For example, with onesmall group including two Zn atoms, electric charge of one small groupincluding a Sn atom can be cancelled, so that the total electric chargeof the layered structure can be 0.

Further, an In—Sn—Zn-based crystal (In₂SnZn₃O₈) can be obtained with astructure in which the large group in FIG. 9B is repeated. The layeredstructure of the In—Sn—Zn-based crystal can be expressed by acomposition formula, In₂SnZn₂O₇(ZnO)_(m) (m is 0 or a natural number).

The same can be said for the case of using the other four-componentmetal oxides, three-component metal oxides, and two-component metaloxides shown in this embodiment and other metal oxides.

As an example, FIG. 10A illustrates a model of a medium group includedin a layered structure of an In—Ga—Zn-based material.

The medium group included in the layered structure of the In—Ga—Zn-basedmaterial in FIG. 10A has the following structure. In the order startingfrom the top, an In atom proximate to three tetracoordinate O atoms ineach of the upper and lower halves is bonded to a Zn atom proximate toone tetracoordinate O atom in the upper half. The Zn atom is bonded to aGa atom proximate to one tetracoordinate O atom in each of the upper andlower halves through three tetracoordinate O atoms in the lower halfwith respect to the Zn atom. The Ga atom is bonded to an In atomproximate to three tetracoordinate O atoms in each of the upper andlower halves through one tetracoordinate O atom in the lower half withrespect to the Ga atom. A plurality of the medium groups are bonded toform a large group.

FIG. 10B illustrates a large group including three medium groups. FIG.10C illustrates an atomic arrangement where the layered structure shownin FIG. 10B is observed from the c-axis direction.

Here, since electric charge of a (hexacoordinate or pentacoordinate) Inatom, electric charge of a (tetracoordinate) Zn atom, and electriccharge of a (pentacoordinate) Ga atom are +3, +2, and +3, respectively,electric charge of a small group including any of the In atom, the Znatom, and the Ga atom is 0. As a result, the total electric charge of amedium group having a combination of these small groups is always 0.

In order to form the layered structure of the In—Ga—Zn-based material, alarge group can be formed using not only the medium group in FIG. 10Abut also a medium group in which the arrangement of the In atom, the Gaatom, and the Zn atom is different from that in FIG. 10A.

Specifically, when the large group illustrated in FIG. 10B is repeated,an In—Ga—Zn-based crystal can be obtained. Note that a layered structureof the In—Ga—Zn-based crystal can be expressed as a composition formula,InGaO₃(ZnO)_(n) (n is a natural number).

In the case of n=1 (InGaZnO₄), a crystal structure illustrated in FIG.26A can be obtained, for example. Note that in the crystal structure inFIG. 26A, Ga can be replaced with In because a Ga atom and an In atomeach have five ligands as described with reference to FIG. 8B.

In the case of n=2 (InGaZn₂O₅), a crystal structure illustrated in FIG.26B can be obtained, for example. Note that in the crystal structure inFIG. 26B, Ga can be replaced with In because a Ga atom and an In atomeach have five ligands as described with reference to FIG. 8B.

The above is the examples of the structure of the CAAC-OS. An oxidesemiconductor with crystallinity, such as the CAAC-OS, has few defectsin the bulk.

The regions 604 a a, 604 b_a, 604 a b, and 604 b_b illustrated in FIGS.7A and 7B are doped with the dopant and function as a source and a drainof the transistor. As the dopant, at least one of elements of Group 13in the periodic table (e.g., boron), elements of Group 15 in theperiodic table (e.g., one or more of nitrogen, phosphorus, and arsenic),and rare gas elements (e.g., one or more of helium, argon, and xenon)can be used, for example. A region functioning as a source of thetransistor can be called a source region, and a region functioning as adrain of the transistor can be called a drain region. Addition of thedopant to the regions 604 a a, 604 b_a, 604 a b, and 604 b_b can reducethe resistance between the regions and the conductive layers; thus, thetransistor can be downsized.

The conductive layers 605 a a, 605 b_a, 605 a b, and 605 b_b function asthe source or the drain of the transistor. Note that a layer functioningas a source of the transistor can be called a source electrode or asource wiring, and a layer functioning as a drain of the transistor canbe called a drain electrode or a drain wiring.

The conductive layers 605 a a, 605 b_a, 605 a_b, and 605 b_b can beformed using, for example, a layer of a metal material such as aluminum,magnesium, chromium, copper, tantalum, titanium, molybdenum, or tungstenor an alloy material containing any of the above metal materials as amain component. For example, the conductive layers 605 a a, 605 b_a, 605a_b, and 605 b_b can be formed using a layer of an alloy materialcontaining copper, magnesium, and aluminum. Moreover, the conductivelayers 605 a a, 605 b_a, 605 a_b, and 605 b_b can be a stack ofmaterials applicable to these conductive layers. For example, theconductive layers 605 a_a, 605 b_a, 605 a_b, and 605 b_b can be formedusing a stack including a layer of an alloy material containing copper,magnesium, and aluminum and a layer containing copper.

Alternatively, the conductive layers 605 a_a, 605 b_a, 605 a_b, and 605b_b can be a layer containing a conductive metal oxide. Examples of theconductive metal oxide are indium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, indiumoxide-tin oxide, and indium oxide-zinc oxide. Note that silicon oxidemay be contained in the conductive metal oxide applicable to theconductive layers 605 a_a, 605 b_a, 605 a_b, and 605 b_b.

As the insulating layers 606 a and 606 b, a layer of a materialapplicable to the insulating layers 602_a and 602_b can be used, forexample. Alternatively, the insulating layers 606 a and 606 b can beformed using a stack of materials applicable to the insulating layers606 a and 606 b.

The insulating layer 607 functions as a protective insulating layer forpreventing impurities from entering the transistor.

As the insulating layer 607, a layer of a material applicable to theinsulating layers 602_a and 602_b can be used, for example.Alternatively, the insulating layer 607 can be formed using a stack ofmaterials applicable to the insulating layer 607. For example,insulating layer 607 may be formed using a silicon oxide layer, analuminum oxide layer, or the like. For example, the use of an aluminumoxide layer as the insulating layer 607 can more effectively preventimpurities from entering the semiconductor layer 603_b and effectivelyprevent the semiconductor layer 603_b from releasing oxygen.

Note that the transistor in this embodiment may have a structure inwhich an insulating layer is provided over part of the oxidesemiconductor layer serving as a channel formation layer and aconductive layer serving as a source or a drain is provided to overlapwith the oxide semiconductor layer with the insulating layer placedtherebetween. In that case, the insulating layer functions as a layerprotecting the channel formation layer of the transistor (also referredto as channel protective layer). As the insulating layer functioning asa channel protective layer, a layer containing a material applicable tothe insulating layers 602_a and 602_b can be used, for example.Alternatively, the insulating layer functioning as a channel protectivelayer may be a stack of materials applicable to the insulating layers602_a and 602_b.

Further, base layers may be formed over the element formation layers600_a and 600_b and the transistors may be formed over the base layers.In that case, the base layer can be a layer of a material applicable tothe insulating layers 602_a and 602_b, for example. Alternatively, thebase layer may be a stack of materials applicable to the insulatinglayers 602_a and 602_b. For example, a stack of an aluminum oxide layerand a silicon oxide layer used as the base layer can prevent oxygen inthe base layer from being released through the semiconductor layers603_a and 603_b.

Next, as an example of a method for manufacturing the transistor in thisembodiment, an example of a method for manufacturing the transistor inFIG. 7A will be described with reference to FIGS. 11A to 11E. FIGS. 11Ato 11E are schematic cross-sectional views illustrating a method formanufacturing the transistor in FIG. 7A.

First, as illustrated in FIG. 11A, the element formation layer 600_a isprepared, and the semiconductor layer 603_a is formed over the elementformation layer 600_a.

For example, a film of an oxide semiconductor material applicable to thesemiconductor layer 603_a (such a film is also referred to as an oxidesemiconductor film) is formed by sputtering, thereby forming thesemiconductor layer 603_a. Note that the oxide semiconductor film may bepartly etched after the deposition. Moreover, the oxide semiconductorfilm may be formed in a rare gas atmosphere, an oxygen atmosphere, or amixed atmosphere of a rare gas and oxygen.

The oxide semiconductor film can be formed using an oxide target havinga composition ratio of In₂O₃:Ga₂O₃:ZnO=1:1:1 (in a molar ratio) as asputtering target. Alternatively, the oxide semiconductor film may beformed using an oxide target having a composition ratio ofIn₂O₃:Ga₂O₃:ZnO=1:1:2, 4:2:3, 3:1:2, 2:1:3, or 3:1:4 (in a molar ratio),for example.

In addition, the oxide semiconductor film may be formed using, as thesputtering target, an oxide target having a composition ratio ofIn:Sn:Zn=1:2:2, 2:1:3, 1:1:1, or 20:45:35 (in an atomic ratio). With theuse of the oxide target having any of the above composition ratios, anoxide semiconductor film with high crystallinity can be formed.Specifically, an oxide semiconductor film with higher crystallinity canbe formed by using an oxide target having a composition ratio ofIn:Sn:Zn=2:1:3.

Furthermore, an In—Zn-based oxide film may be formed using, as thesputtering target, an oxide target having a composition ratio ofIn:Zn=50:1 to 1:2 (In₂O₃:ZnO=25:1 to 1:4 in a molar ratio), preferablyIn:Zn=20:1 to 1:1 (In₂O₃:ZnO=10:1 to 1:2 in a molar ratio), furtherpreferably In:Zn=15:1 to 1.5:1 (In₂O₃:ZnO=15:2 to 3:4 in a molar ratio).For example, when the atomic ratio of the target used for forming theIn—Zn-based oxide semiconductor film is expressed by In:Zn:O=S:U:R,R>1.5S+U is satisfied. The increase in In content makes the field-effectmobility (also simply referred to as mobility) of the transistor higher.

In the case of using a sputtering method, the semiconductor layer 603_ais formed in a rare gas (typically argon) atmosphere, an oxygenatmosphere, or a mixed atmosphere of a rare gas and oxygen, for example.In that case, when the semiconductor layer 603_a is formed in a mixedatmosphere of a rare gas and oxygen, the oxygen content is preferablyhigher than the rare gas content.

When the film is formed by sputtering, it is preferable to sufficientlysuppress leakage from the outside of a deposition chamber anddegasification through an inner wall of the deposition chamber so thatimpurities such as hydrogen, water, a hydroxyl group, or hydride (alsoreferred to as hydrogen compound) are not included in a deposited film.

For example, before the film is formed by sputtering, preheat treatmentmay be performed in a preheating chamber of a sputtering apparatus. Bythe preheat treatment, the above impurities can be eliminated.

Before the film is formed by sputtering, for example, it is possible toperform treatment by which voltage is applied to a substrate side, notto a target side, in an argon, nitrogen, helium, or oxygen atmospherewith the use of an RF power source and plasma is generated so that asurface of the substrate on which the film is to be formed is modified(such treatment is also referred to as reverse sputtering). With reversesputtering, powdery substances (also referred to as particles or dust)attached to the surface where the film is to be formed can be removed.

In the case where the film is formed by sputtering, moisture remainingin the deposition chamber for forming the film can be removed by anentrapment vacuum pump or the like. As the entrapment vacuum pump, acryopump, an ion pump, or a titanium sublimation pump can be used, forexample. Alternatively, moisture remaining in the deposition chamber canbe removed by a turbo molecular pump provided with a cold trap. With theuse of the vacuum pump, back flow of the exhaust including theimpurities can be reduced.

When a high-purity gas from which the above impurities are removed isused as a sputtering gas, for example, the impurity concentration of thedeposited film can be lowered. For instance, a gas with a dew point of−70° C. or lower is preferably used as a sputtering gas.

In the example of the method for manufacturing the transistor in thisembodiment, a layer is formed by etching part of a film in the followingmanner, for instance: a resist mask is formed over part of the film by aphotolithography process and the film is etched using the resist mask,thereby forming the layer. Note that in this case, the resist mask isremoved after the layer is formed.

When an oxide semiconductor layer containing the CAAC is formed as thesemiconductor layer 603_a, the oxide semiconductor film is formed bysputtering while the temperature of the element formation layer wherethe oxide semiconductor film is formed ranges from 100° C. to 500° C.,preferably from 200° C. to 350° C. The oxide semiconductor film isdeposited while the temperature of the element formation layer is high,whereby the field-effect mobility of the transistor to be manufacturedcan be increased and the gate-bias stress stability can be increased.

In that case, the element formation layer 600_a is preferably flat. Forexample, the average surface roughness of the element formation layer600_a is preferably 1 nm or less, further preferably 0.3 nm or less. Byincreasing the flatness of the element formation layer 600_a, themobility of the CAAC-OS can be made higher than that of an amorphousoxide semiconductor. For example, the element formation layer 600_a canbe flattened by at least one of chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) andplasma treatment. Here, plasma treatment includes treatment forperforming sputtering on a surface with rare gas ions and treatment forperforming etching on a surface with an etching gas.

Then, as illustrated in FIG. 11B, the conductive layers 605 a_a and 605b_a are formed over the semiconductor layer 603_a.

For example, a film of a material applicable to the conductive layers605 a_a and 605 b_a is formed as a first conductive film by sputtering,and the first conductive film is partly etched, thereby forming theconductive layers 605 a_a and 605 b_a.

Next, as illustrated in FIG. 11C, the insulating layer 602_a is formedin contact with the semiconductor layer 603_a.

For example, the insulating layer 602_a can be formed by depositing afilm applicable to the insulating layer 602_a by sputtering in a raregas (typically argon) atmosphere, an oxygen atmosphere, or a mixedatmosphere of a rare gas and oxygen. The insulating layer 602_a formedby sputtering can suppress a reduction in the resistance of a portion ofthe semiconductor layer 603_a, which serves as a back channel of thetransistor. The temperature of the element formation layer 600_a at thetime when the insulating layer 602_a is formed preferably ranges fromroom temperature to 300° C.

Before the formation of the insulating layer 602_a, plasma treatmentwith the use of a gas such as N₂O, N₂, or Ar may be performed to removewater or the like adsorbed on an exposed surface of the semiconductorlayer 603_a. In the case where the plasma treatment is performed, theinsulating layer 602_a is preferably formed after the plasma treatmentwithout exposure to air.

Next, the conductive layer 601_a is formed over the insulating layer602_a.

For example, a film of a material applicable to the conductive layer601_a is formed as a second conductive film by sputtering, and thesecond conductive film is partly etched, thereby forming the conductivelayer 601_a.

Further, in the example of the method for manufacturing the transistorin FIG. 7A, heat treatment is performed, for example, at higher than orequal to 600° C. and lower than or equal to 750° C., or higher than orequal to 600° C. and lower than the strain point of the substrate. Forexample, the heat treatment is performed after the oxide semiconductorfilm is formed, after the oxide semiconductor film is partly etched,after the first conductive film is formed, after the first conductivefilm is partly etched, after the insulating layer 602_a is formed, afterthe second conductive film is formed, or after the second conductivefilm is partly etched. The heat treatment eliminates impurities such ashydrogen, water, a hydroxyl group, or hydride from the semiconductorlayer 603_a.

Note that a heat treatment apparatus for the heat treatment can be anelectric furnace or an apparatus for heating an object by heatconduction or heat radiation from a heater such as a resistance heater.For example, a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) apparatus such as a gasrapid thermal annealing (GRTA) apparatus or a lamp rapid thermalannealing (LRTA) apparatus can be used. An LRTA apparatus is anapparatus for heating an object by radiation of light (anelectromagnetic wave) emitted from a lamp such as a halogen lamp, ametal halide lamp, a xenon arc lamp, a carbon arc lamp, a high-pressuresodium lamp, or a high-pressure mercury lamp. A GRTA apparatus is anapparatus for heat treatment using a high-temperature gas. As thehigh-temperature gas, a rare gas or an inert gas (e.g., nitrogen) whichdoes not react with the object by the heat treatment can be used.

Further, after the heat treatment is performed and while the heatingtemperature is being maintained or being decreased, a high-purity oxygengas, a high-purity N₂O gas, or ultra-dry air (having a dew point −40° C.or lower, preferably −60° C. or lower) may be introduced in the furnacewhere the heat treatment has been performed. It is preferable that theoxygen gas or the N₂O gas do not contain water, hydrogen, and the like.The purity of the oxygen gas or the N₂O gas which is introduced into theheat treatment apparatus is preferably 6N or higher, further preferably7N or higher; that is, the impurity concentration of the oxygen gas orthe N₂O gas is preferably 1 ppm or lower, further preferably 0.1 ppm orlower. By the action of the oxygen gas or the N₂O gas, oxygen issupplied to the semiconductor layer 603_a, and defects due to oxygendeficiency in the semiconductor layer 603_a can be reduced. Note thatthe high-purity oxygen gas, high-purity N₂O gas, or ultra-dry air may beintroduced during the heat treatment.

In the example of the method for manufacturing the transistor in FIG.7A, oxygen may be implanted into the oxide semiconductor film with amethod of accelerating oxygen ions by electric fields, such as oxygendoping using oxygen plasma, after the semiconductor layer 603_a isformed, after the conductive layers 605 a_a and 605 b_a are formed,after the insulating layer 602_a is formed, after the conductive layer601_a is formed, or after the heat treatment is performed. For example,oxygen doping using a high-density plasma of 2.45 GHz may be performed.Alternatively, oxygen doping may be performed by an ion implantationmethod. The oxygen doping can reduce variations in electricalcharacteristics of transistors to be manufactured. For example, theoxygen doping is performed so that the insulating layer 602_a containsoxygen with a higher proportion than that in the stoichiometriccomposition.

When the insulating layer in contact with the semiconductor layer 603_acontains an excessive amount of oxygen, oxygen is easily supplied to thesemiconductor layer 603_a. Thus, oxygen defects in the semiconductorlayer 603_a or at the interface between the insulating layer 602_a andthe semiconductor layer 603_a can be reduced, which results in furtherreduction in the carrier concentration of the semiconductor layer 603_a.This embodiment is not limited to the above; even if an excessive amountof oxygen is contained in the semiconductor layer 603_a through thefabrication process, the insulating layer in contact with thesemiconductor layer 603_a can prevent oxygen from being released fromthe semiconductor layer 603_a.

For example, when an insulating layer containing gallium oxide is formedas the insulating layer 602_a, the composition of gallium oxide can beset to be Gaza, by supplying the insulating layer with oxygen.

When an insulating layer containing aluminum oxide is formed as theinsulating layer 602_a, the composition of aluminum oxide can be set tobe Al₂O_(x) by supplying the insulating layer with oxygen.

Further, when an insulating layer containing gallium aluminum oxide oraluminum gallium oxide is formed as the insulating layer 602_a, thecomposition of gallium aluminum oxide or aluminum gallium oxide can beset to be Ga_(x)Al_(2-x)O_(3+α) by supplying the insulating layer withoxygen.

Through the above steps, impurities such as hydrogen, water, a hydroxylgroup, or hydride (a hydrogen compound) are removed from thesemiconductor layer 603_a and oxygen is supplied to the semiconductorlayer 603_a; thus, the oxide semiconductor layer can be highly purified.

In addition to the heat treatment, after the insulating layer 602_a isformed, heat treatment (preferably at 200° C. to 600° C., for example,at 250° C. to 350° C.) may be performed in an inert gas atmosphere or anoxygen gas atmosphere.

The intended heating temperature of the element formation layer 600_a orthe temperature of the heat treatment after the deposition of the oxidesemiconductor film is 150° C. or higher, preferably 200° C. or higher,further preferably 400° C. or higher. When the heat treatment after theoxide semiconductor film is deposited is performed at 300° C. or higher,impurities such as hydrogen contained in the film can be released andremoved (the film can be dehydrated or dehydrogenated).

The heat treatment can be performed in an oxygen atmosphere;alternatively, the following two steps may be performed: dehydration ordehydrogenation is performed under a nitrogen atmosphere or a reducedpressure and then thermal treatment is performed in an oxygenatmosphere. By performing thermal treatment in an atmosphere includingoxygen after the dehydration or dehydrogenation, oxygen can be added tothe oxide semiconductor, so that the effect of the heat treatment can befurther enhanced. Moreover, as the treatment for supplying oxygen,thermal treatment may be performed while the insulating layer is placedin contact with the oxide semiconductor layer. A defect due to oxygendeficiency is easily caused in the oxide semiconductor layer or at theinterface between the oxide semiconductor layer and a layer stacked overthe oxide semiconductor layer, for example; however, when excess oxygenis included in the oxide semiconductor by the heat treatment, oxygendeficiency caused constantly can be compensated for by excess oxygen.The excess oxygen is mainly oxygen existing between lattices. By settingthe concentration of oxygen in the range of 1×10¹⁶/cm³ to 2×10²⁰/cm³,oxygen can be included in the oxide semiconductor layer without causingcrystal distortion or the like even if the oxide semiconductor layer iscrystallized, for example.

The heat treatment performed after the formation of the oxidesemiconductor film can increase the gate-bias stress stability of thetransistor to be manufactured, and can increase the field-effectmobility of the transistor.

Then, as illustrated in FIG. 11E, a dopant is added to the semiconductorlayer 603_a from a side on which the conductive layer 601_a is formed,so that the region 604 a_a and the region 604 b_a are formed in aself-aligned manner through the insulating layer 602_a.

For example, the dopant can be added by an ion doping apparatus or anion implantation apparatus.

Note that the given example of the method for manufacturing thetransistor is not necessarily applied only to the transistor in FIG. 7A.For example, the above description of the example of the method formanufacturing the transistor in FIG. 7A can be applied as appropriate tothe components in FIG. 7B which have the same designations as thecomponents in FIG. 7A and have a function at least partly the same asthat of the components in FIG. 7A.

As described with reference to FIGS. 7A and 7B, FIGS. 8A to 8E, FIGS. 9Ato 9C, FIGS. 10A to 10C, and FIGS. 11A to 11E, each example of thetransistor in this embodiment includes a conductive layer functioning asa gate; an insulating layer functioning as a gate insulating layer; anoxide semiconductor layer in which a channel is formed and whichoverlaps with the conductive layer functioning as the gate with theinsulating layer functioning as the gate insulating layer placedtherebetween; a conductive layer that is electrically connected to theoxide semiconductor layer and functions as one of a source and a drain;and a conductive layer that is electrically connected to the oxidesemiconductor layer and functions as the other of the source and thedrain.

In the transistor in the example of this embodiment, the carrierconcentration of the oxide semiconductor layer can be lower than1×10¹⁴/cm³, preferably lower than 1×10¹²/cm³, further preferably lowerthan 1×10¹¹/cm³.

The carrier density of an oxide semiconductor applied to the transistoris preferably 1×10¹⁸/cm³ or lower. An oxide semiconductor containing Inor Zn can have a carrier density of 1×10¹⁸/cm³ or lower by performinghigh purification of the oxide semiconductor film (removal of hydrogenand the like) or heat treatment after the deposition as described above,as well as by containing Ga or Sn as its component.

By performing at least one of the heat treatment during the depositionof the oxide semiconductor film and the heat treatment after thedeposition, the threshold voltage of the transistor can be positivelyshifted to make the transistor normally off, and the off-state currentper micrometer of channel width can be 10 aA (1×10⁻¹⁷ A) or less, 1 aA(1×10⁻¹⁸ A) or less, 10 zA (1×10⁻²⁰ A) or less, 1 zA (1×10⁻²¹ A) orless, and even 100 yA (1×10⁻²² A) or less. It is preferable that theoff-state current of the transistor be as low as possible; the lowerlimit of the off-state current of the transistor in this embodiment isestimated to be about 10⁻³⁰ A/μm.

When the transistor including the oxide semiconductor layer in thisembodiment is used as, for example, the transistor in the storagecircuit in any of the above embodiments, the data retention time of thestorage circuit can be extended.

The transistor in the example of this embodiment and another transistor,for example, a transistor including a semiconductor layer containing asemiconductor belonging to Group 14 of the periodic table (e.g.,silicon) can be stacked. Thus, the circuit area can be reduced while thetransistor including the oxide semiconductor layer and the anothertransistor can be formed over one substrate.

As described in Embodiment 1, it is preferable to employ a structure inwhich a transistor including an oxide semiconductor (corresponding tothe transistor 107 in FIG. 1B and the like) is provided over atransistor including single crystal silicon (corresponding to thetransistor 111 in FIG. 1B and the like). This structure can achieve allof the following: high-speed operation, data retention, and thereduction in circuit area.

The transistor including the oxide semiconductor can have relativelyhigh field-effect mobility regardless of whether the oxide semiconductoris either amorphous or crystalline. Such an increase in field-effectmobility is presumed to be achieved not only by removal of impurities bydehydration or dehydrogenation but also by a reduction in interatomicdistance due to an increase in density. Moreover, the oxidesemiconductor film can be crystallized by being purified by removal ofimpurities from the oxide semiconductor film. For example, thefield-effect mobility of a transistor including an In—Sn—Zn-based oxidesemiconductor can be higher than 31 cm²/V·s, preferably higher than 39cm²/V·s, further preferably higher than 60 cm²/V·s. It has been proposedthat ideally, a highly purified non-single-crystal oxide semiconductorcan achieve a field-effect mobility exceeding 100 cm²/V·s. In addition,the example of the transistor in this embodiment indicates that thefield-effect mobility thereof is increased as the defect density of theoxide semiconductor layer decreases. The reason therefor will be givenbelow.

The actually measured field-effect mobility of a field-effecttransistor, which is not limited to one including an oxide semiconductorlayer, is lower than its inherent mobility for a variety of reasons. Oneof causes for reduction in the field-effect mobility is a defect in asemiconductor layer or a defect at an interface between thesemiconductor layer and an insulating layer. For example, with aLevinson model, the field-effect mobility of a transistor based on theassumption that no defect exists inside an oxide semiconductor layer canbe calculated theoretically.

Assuming a potential barrier (such as a grain boundary) exists in asemiconductor layer, the measured field-effect mobility of thesemiconductor layer, denoted by μ, is expressed by Formula 1 where theinherent field-effect mobility of the semiconductor layer is μ₀.

$\begin{matrix}{\mu = {\mu_{0}{\exp\left( {- \frac{E}{kT}} \right)}}} & \left\lbrack {{Formula}\mspace{14mu} 1} \right\rbrack\end{matrix}$

In Formula 1, E denotes the height of the potential barrier, k denotesthe Boltzmann constant, and T denotes the absolute temperature. Further,on the assumption that the potential barrier is attributed to a defect,E, the height of the potential barrier, can be expressed by Formula 2according to the Levinson model.

$\begin{matrix}{E = {\frac{e^{2}N^{2}}{8ɛ\; n} = \frac{e^{3}N_{t}^{2}}{8ɛ\; C_{ox}V_{g}}}} & \left\lbrack {{Formula}\mspace{14mu} 2} \right\rbrack\end{matrix}$

In Formula 2, e denotes the elementary charge, N denotes the averagedefect density per unit area in a channel, s denotes the permittivity ofthe semiconductor, n denotes the carrier density per unit area in thechannel, Cox denotes the capacitance per unit area, V_(g) denotes thegate voltage, and t denotes the thickness of the channel. In the casewhere the thickness of the semiconductor layer is less than or equal to30 nm, the thickness of the channel can be regarded as being the same asthe thickness of the semiconductor layer. In addition, the drain currentI_(d) in a linear region is expressed by Formula 3.

$\begin{matrix}{I_{d} = {\frac{W_{\mu}V_{g}V_{d}C_{ox}}{L}{\exp\left( {- \frac{E}{kT}} \right)}}} & \left\lbrack {{Formula}\mspace{14mu} 3} \right\rbrack\end{matrix}$

In Formula 3, L denotes the channel length and W denotes the channelwidth, and L and W are each 10 μm in this example. Moreover, V_(d)denotes the drain voltage. Both sides of Formula 3 are divided by V_(g)and then logarithms of both the sides are taken, resulting in Formula 4.

$\begin{matrix}{{\ln\left( \frac{I_{d}}{V_{g}} \right)} = {{{\ln\left( \frac{W_{\mu}V_{d}C_{ox}}{L} \right)} - \frac{E}{kT}} = {{\ln\left( \frac{W_{\mu}V_{d}C_{ox}}{L} \right)} - \frac{e^{3}N^{2}t}{8\;{kT}\; ɛ\; C_{ox}V_{g}}}}} & \left\lbrack {{Formula}\mspace{14mu} 4} \right\rbrack\end{matrix}$

The right side of Formula 4 is a function of V_(g). From Formula 4, itis found that the defect density N can be obtained from a line in agraph that is obtained by plotting actual measured values withln(I_(d)/V_(g)) as the ordinate and 1/V_(g) as the abscissa. That is,the defect density can be evaluated from the I_(d)-V_(g) characteristicsof the transistor. For example, the defect density N of an oxidesemiconductor film containing indium (In), gallium (Ga), and zinc (Zn)in a 1:1:1 atomic ratio is about 1×10¹²/cm².

On the basis of the defect density or the like obtained in the abovemanner, μ₀, the inherent field-effect mobility of the oxidesemiconductor layer, is calculated to be 120 cm²/V·s. In general, themeasured field-effect mobility of an In—Ga—Zn-based oxide having adefect is about 40 cm²/V·s; however, assuming that no defect existsinside the oxide semiconductor and at the interface between the oxidesemiconductor and an insulating film, the mobility to of the oxidesemiconductor is expected to be 120 cm²/V·s. It is thus found that themobility of the oxide semiconductor and the field-effect mobility of thetransistor are increased as defects are decreased. For example, an oxidesemiconductor layer containing the CAAC or the like has low defectdensity.

Note that even when no defect exists inside the semiconductor layer,scattering at an interface between a channel and a gate insulating layeraffects the transport property of the transistor. In other words, themobility μ₁ at a position that is a distance x away from the interfacebetween the channel and the gate insulator is expressed by Formula 5.

$\begin{matrix}{\frac{1}{\mu_{1}} = {\frac{1}{\mu_{0}} + {\frac{D}{B}{\exp\left( {- \frac{x}{l}} \right)}}}} & \left\lbrack {{Formula}\mspace{14mu} 5} \right\rbrack\end{matrix}$

In Formula 5, D denotes the electric field in the gate direction, and Band l are constants. The values of B and l can be obtained from actualmeasurement results; according to the above measurement results, B is2.38×10⁷ cm/s and l is 10 nm (the depth to which the influence ofinterface scattering reaches). In Formula 5, the second term isincreased as D increases (i.e., as the gate voltage increases);accordingly, the mobility μ₁ is decreased as D increases.

FIG. 12 shows calculation results of the mobility μ₂ of a transistorwhose channel is formed in an ideal oxide semiconductor layer with nodefect therein. For the calculation, Sentaurus Device, the softwaremanufactured by Synopsys, Inc., is used. For the calculation, the bandgap, the electron affinity, the relative permittivity, and the thicknessof the oxide semiconductor layer are 2.8 eV, 4.7 eV, 15, and 15 nm,respectively. The work functions of a gate, a source, and a drain of thetransistor are 5.5 eV, 4.6 eV, and 4.6 eV, respectively. The thicknessof a gate insulating layer is 100 nm, and the relative permittivitythereof is 4.1. The channel length and the channel width of thetransistor are each 10 μm, and the drain voltage V_(d) is 0.1 V.

As shown in FIG. 12, the field-effect mobility is as high as 100 cm²/V·sor more at a gate voltage V_(G) around 1 V, and decreases as the gatevoltage V_(G) becomes higher because the influence of interfacescattering is increased. In order to reduce interface scattering, it ispreferable that a surface of the semiconductor layer be flat at theatomic level (i.e., atomic layer flatness).

The following shows the calculation results of electricalcharacteristics of a minute transistor using an oxide semiconductorhaving the above-described high field-effect mobility.

FIGS. 13A and 13B show cross-sectional structures of transistors usedfor the calculation. The transistors illustrated in FIGS. 13A and 13Beach include n-type semiconductor regions 653 a and 653 b and asemiconductor region 653 c in an oxide semiconductor layer. Theresistivity of the semiconductor regions 653 a and 653 b is 2×10⁻³ Ω·cm.

The transistor in FIG. 13A is provided over a base insulator 651 and aburied insulator 652. The buried insulator 652 is formed using aluminumoxide and provided to be embedded in the base insulator 651.

The transistor in FIG. 13A includes the semiconductor region 653 a, thesemiconductor region 653 b, the semiconductor region 653 c, a gateinsulating layer 654, a gate electrode 655, a sidewall insulator 656 a,a sidewall insulator 656 b, an insulating layer 657, a source electrode658 a, and a drain electrode 658 b.

The semiconductor region 653 c is positioned between the semiconductorregion 653 a and the semiconductor region 653 b. The semiconductorregion 653 c is an intrinsic semiconductor region serving as a channelformation region.

The gate electrode 655 is provided over the gate insulating layer 654.The width of the gate electrode 655 is 33 nm.

The sidewall insulators 656 a and 656 b are provided in contact withside surfaces of the gate electrode 655. In the transistor in FIG. 13A,a semiconductor region below the sidewall insulator 656 a is included inthe n-type semiconductor region 653 a, and a semiconductor region belowthe sidewall insulator 656 b is included in the n-type semiconductorregion 653 b. The width of the sidewall insulators 656 a and 656 b is 5nm.

The insulating layer 657 is provided over the gate electrode 655. Theinsulating layer 657 has a function of preventing a short circuitbetween the gate electrode 655 and a wiring.

The source electrode 658 a is in contact with the semiconductor region653 a.

The drain electrode 658 b is in contact with the semiconductor region653 b.

Note that the channel width of the transistor in FIG. 13A is 40 nm.

The transistor in FIG. 13B differs from the transistor in FIG. 13A inthe conductivity type of the semiconductor regions below the sidewallinsulators 656 a and 656 b. In the transistor in FIG. 13B, thesemiconductor regions below the sidewall insulators 656 a and 656 b areincluded in the intrinsic semiconductor region 653 c. In other words,the transistor in FIG. 13B includes regions where the semiconductorregion 653 a and the gate electrode 655 do not overlap with each otherand the semiconductor region 653 c and the gate electrode 655 do notoverlap with each other. These regions are called offset regions, andtheir width is called offset length (L_(off)). In FIG. 13B, the offsetlength is the same as the width of the sidewall insulators 656 a and 656b.

Note that the other parameters used in calculation are as describedabove. For the calculation, Sentaurus Device, the software manufacturedby Synopsys, Inc., is used.

FIGS. 14A to 14C show the gate voltage (V_(g): a potential differencebetween the gate and the source) dependence of the drain current (I_(d),indicated by a solid line) and the mobility (μ, indicted by a dottedline) of the transistor having the structure in FIG. 13A. The draincurrent I_(d) is calculated under the assumption that the drain voltage(a potential difference between the drain and the source) is +1 V, andthe field-effect mobility μ is calculated under the assumption that thedrain voltage is +0.1 V.

FIG. 14A shows the gate voltage dependence of the transistor includingthe gate insulating layer 654 with a thickness of 15 nm. FIG. 14B showsthe gate voltage dependence of the transistor including the gateinsulating layer 654 with a thickness of 10 nm. FIG. 14C shows the gatevoltage dependence of the transistor including the gate insulating layer654 with a thickness of 5 nm. As shown in FIGS. 14A to 14C, as the gateinsulating layer 654 is thinner, the drain current I_(d) in the offstate (off-state current) in particular is significantly decreased. Incontrast, there is no remarkable change in the peak value of thefield-effect mobility μ and the drain current I_(d) in the on state(on-state current). Further, the drain current exceeds 10 μA, which isneeded in a storage circuit and the like, at a gate voltage around 1 V.

FIGS. 15A to 15C show the gate voltage V_(g) dependence of the draincurrent I_(d) (a solid line) and the mobility μ (a dotted line) of thetransistor that has the structure in FIG. 13B and has an offset length(L_(off)) of 5 nm. Here, the drain current I_(d) is calculated on theassumption the drain voltage is +1 V, and the field-effect mobility μ iscalculated on the assumption the drain voltage is +0.1 V. FIG. 15A showsthe gate voltage dependence of the transistor including the gateinsulating layer 654 with a thickness of 15 nm. FIG. 15B shows the gatevoltage dependence of the transistor including the gate insulating layer654 with a thickness of 10 nm. FIG. 15C shows the gate voltagedependence of the transistor including the gate insulating layer 654with a thickness of 5 nm.

FIGS. 16A to 16C show the gate voltage dependence of the drain currentI_(d) (a solid line) and the mobility μ (a dotted line) of thetransistor that has the structure in FIG. 13B and has an offset length(L_(off)) of 15 nm. Here, the drain current I_(d) is calculated on theassumption the drain voltage is +1 V, and the mobility μ is calculatedon the assumption the drain voltage is +0.1 V. FIG. 16A shows the gatevoltage dependence of the transistor including the gate insulating layer654 with a thickness of 15 nm. FIG. 16B shows the gate voltagedependence of the transistor including the gate insulating layer 654with a thickness of 10 nm. FIG. 16C shows the gate voltage dependence ofthe transistor including the gate insulating layer 654 with a thicknessof 5 nm.

As seen from FIGS. 14A to 14C, FIGS. 15A to 15C, and FIGS. 16A to 16C,as the gate insulating layer 654 is thinner in any of the structures,the off-state current of the transistor is significantly decreased,whereas no remarkable change occurs in the peak value of the mobility μand the on-state current of the transistor.

The peak of the field-effect mobility μ is about 80 cm²/V·s in FIGS. 14Ato 14C, about 60 cm²/V·s in FIGS. 15A to 15C, and about 40 cm²/V·s inFIGS. 16A to 16C; thus, the peak of the mobility μ decreases as theoffset length (L_(off)) is increased. The same applies to the off-statecurrent of the transistor. The on-state current of the transistor alsodecreases as the offset length (L_(off)) is increased; however, thedecrease in the on-state current is much more gradual than the decreasein the off-state current of the transistor. Further, the drain currentexceeds 10 μA, which is needed for a storage circuit and the like, at agate voltage around 1 V.

Since the field-effect mobility of the transistor including an oxidesemiconductor can be high as described above, the transistor can operatethe storage circuit in any of the above embodiments without problems.

Next, as another example of the transistor, an example of a transistorthat includes an oxide semiconductor layer containing In, Sn, and Zn asa channel formation layer will be described.

FIGS. 17A to 17C show characteristics of a transistor that includes anoxide semiconductor layer containing In, Sn, and Zn as its maincomponents and a 100-nm-thick gate insulating layer, and has a channellength L of 3 μm and a channel width W of 10 μm. Note that V_(d) is 10V.

FIG. 17A shows characteristics of a transistor in which an oxidesemiconductor layer is formed by deposition of an oxide semiconductorfilm containing In, Sn, and Zn as its main components by sputteringwithout heating an element formation layer intentionally. FIG. 17A showsthat the field-effect mobility is 18.8 cm²/V·s. FIG. 17B showscharacteristics of a transistor in which an oxide semiconductor layer isformed by deposition of an oxide semiconductor film containing In, Sn,and Zn as its main components by sputtering while a substrate is heatedat 200° C. FIG. 17B shows that the field-effect mobility is 32.2cm²/V·s. This means that intentional heating increases the field-effectmobility of the transistor.

FIG. 17C shows characteristics of a transistor in which an oxidesemiconductor layer is formed by deposition of an oxide semiconductorfilm containing In, Sn, and Zn as its main components by sputtering at200° C. and then subjected to heat treatment at 650° C. FIG. 17C showsthat the field-effect mobility is 34.5 cm²/V·s. This means that heattreatment performed after the oxide semiconductor film is depositedincreases the field-effect mobility.

Note that the oxide semiconductor layer containing In, Sn, and Zn as itsmain components may be crystallized in the following manner: oxygen ionsare implanted into the oxide semiconductor layer, impurities such ashydrogen, water, a hydroxyl group, or hydride included in the oxidesemiconductor are released by heat treatment, and the oxidesemiconductor layer is crystallized through the heat treatment or byanother heat treatment performed later. By such crystallizationtreatment or recrystallization treatment, a non-single-crystal oxidesemiconductor layer with favorable crystallinity can be obtained.

As for the transistor including the oxide semiconductor layer thatcontains In, Sn, and Zn as its main components and is formed withoutheating the element formation layer intentionally, the threshold voltagetends to be negatively shifted as shown in FIG. 17A, for example. Incontrast, as for the transistor including the oxide semiconductor layerthat is formed while the element formation layer is intentionallyheated, the threshold voltage is shifted so that the transistor can beclose to a normally-off transistor as shown in FIG. 17B, for example. Itis thus found that at least one of the heat treatment during thedeposition of the oxide semiconductor film and the heat treatment afterthe deposition makes the transistor more likely to be normally off.

The threshold voltage of a transistor can also be controlled by changingthe ratio of In, Sn, and Zn. For example, when the composition ratio ofIn, Sn, and Zn in the oxide semiconductor film is 2:1:3, the transistoris more likely to serve as a normally-off transistor.

For example, when a gate bias is applied with an intensity of 2 MV/cm at150° C. for 1 hour to perform a bias-temperature stress test (BT test),the drift of the threshold voltage is less than ±1.5 V, preferably lessthan ±1.0 V. This means that the stability against gate-bias stress isenhanced by at least one of the heat treatment during the deposition ofthe oxide semiconductor film and the heat treatment after thedeposition. FIGS. 18A and 18B and FIGS. 19A and 19B show the results ofthe BT test performed on the following two transistors: Sample 1 onwhich heat treatment is not performed after formation of an oxidesemiconductor film, and Sample 2 on which heat treatment at 650° C. isperformed after formation of an oxide semiconductor film. As the BTtest, a positive BT test and a negative BT test were performed.

In the positive BT test, first, V_(gs)-I_(ds) characteristics of thetransistors were measured at a temperature of element formation layers(substrates) of 25° C. and V_(ds) of 10 V. Then, the temperature of theelement formation layers (substrates) was set to 150° C. and V_(ds) wasset to 0.1 V. After that, V_(gs) of 20 V was applied so that theintensity of an electric field applied to gate insulating layers was 2MV/cm, and the condition was kept for 1 hour. Next, V_(gs) was set to 0V. Then, V_(gs)-I_(ds) characteristics of the transistors were measuredat a temperature of the element formation layers (substrates) of 25° C.and V_(ds) of 10 V.

In the negative BT test, first, V_(gs)-I_(ds) characteristics of thetransistors were measured at a temperature of the element formationlayers (substrates) of 25° C. and V_(ds) of 10 V. Then, the temperatureof the element formation layers (substrates) was set to 150° C. andV_(ds) was set to 0.1 V. After that, V_(gs) of −20 V was applied so thatthe intensity of an electric field applied to the gate insulating layerswas −2 MV/cm, and the condition was kept for 1 hour. Next, V_(gs) wasset to 0 V. Then, V_(gs)-I_(ds) characteristics of the transistors weremeasured at a temperature of the element formation layers (substrates)of 25° C. and V_(ds) of 10 V.

FIGS. 18A and 18B show the result of the positive BT test of Sample 1and the result of the negative BT test of Sample 1, respectively. FIGS.19A and 19B show the result of the positive BT test of Sample 2 and theresult of the negative BT test of Sample 2, respectively.

As shown in FIGS. 18A and 18B, the amount of shift in the thresholdvoltage of Sample 1 due to the positive BT test and that due to thenegative BT test were 1.80 V and −0.42 V, respectively. As shown inFIGS. 19A and 19B, the amount of shift in the threshold voltage ofSample 2 due to the positive BT test and that due to the negative BTtest were 0.79 V and 0.76 V, respectively. It is therefore found that inboth Sample 1 and Sample 2, the amount of shift in the threshold voltageof the transistor between before and after the BT tests is small and thereliability is high.

In addition, when an oxide semiconductor film that is formed bysputtering using a metal oxide target having a composition ratio ofIn:Sn:Zn=1:1:1 without heating an element formation layer intentionallyis analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), a halo pattern is observed.However, the oxide semiconductor film can be crystallized by beingsubjected to heat treatment. The temperature of the heat treatment atthat time can be set as appropriate; when the heat treatment isperformed at 650° C., for example, a clear diffraction peak can beobserved by X-ray diffraction.

Here, the results of XRD analysis of an In—Sn—Zn—O film are shown below.The XRD analysis was conducted using an X-ray diffractometer D8 ADVANCEmanufactured by Bruker AXS, and measurement was performed by anout-of-plane method.

Sample A and Sample B were prepared and the XRD analysis was performedthereon. A method for fabricating Sample A and Sample B will bedescribed below.

An In—Sn—Zn—O film with a thickness of 100 nm was formed over a quartzsubstrate that had been subjected to dehydrogenation treatment.

The In—Sn—Zn—O film was deposited with a sputtering apparatus with apower of 100 W (DC) in an oxygen atmosphere. As a target for thesputtering, an In—Sn—Zn—O target having an atomic ratio ofIn:Sn:Zn=1:1:1 was used. The heating temperature at the deposition was200° C. A sample fabricated in the above step was Sample A.

Next, a sample fabricated by a method similar to that of Sample A wassubjected to heat treatment at 650° C. Here, heat treatment in anitrogen atmosphere was performed for 1 hour and then, heat treatment inan oxygen atmosphere was performed for 1 hour without lowering thetemperature. A sample fabricated in the above steps was Sample B.

FIG. 20 shows XRD spectra of Sample A and Sample B. No peak derived froma crystal was observed in Sample A, whereas peaks derived from a crystalwere observed when 20 was around 35 deg. and at 37 deg. to 38 deg. inSample B. This means that the crystallinity of the oxide semiconductorlayer is increased by at least one of the heat treatment during thedeposition of the oxide semiconductor film containing In, Sn, and Zn asits main components and the heat treatment after the deposition.

By performing at least one of the heat treatment during the depositionof the oxide semiconductor film and the heat treatment after thedeposition, the off-state current of the fabricated transistor permicrometer of channel width is 1 aA (1×10⁻¹⁸ A) or lower, 100 zA(1×10⁻¹⁹ A) or lower, and 1 zA (1×10⁻²¹ A) or lower when the temperatureof the element formation layer (substrate) is 125° C., 85° C., and roomtemperature (27° C.), respectively, as shown in FIG. 21, for example.Moreover, the off-state current of the above transistor per micrometerof channel width can be preferably 0.1 aA (1×10⁻¹⁹ A) or lower, 10 zA(1×10⁻²⁰ A) or lower, and 0.1 zA (1×10⁻²² A) or lower at 125° C., 85°C., and room temperature (27° C.), respectively.

Although hydrogen can be removed from an oxide semiconductor filmcontaining In, Sn, and Zn as its main components by heat treatment, afilm that does not contain impurities inherently is preferably formedbecause moisture is released from the oxide semiconductor film at ahigher temperature than from an oxide semiconductor containing In, Ga,and Zn as its main components.

In addition, the relation between the temperature of the elementformation layer (substrate) and electrical characteristics of Sample B,on which heat treatment at 650° C. was performed after formation of theoxide semiconductor film, was evaluated.

The transistor used for the measurement has a channel length L of 3 μm,a channel width W of 10 μm, L_(ov) of 3 μm on one side (total L_(ov) of6 μm), and dW of 0 μm. Note that V_(ds) was 10 V. The measurement wasperformed under the following six conditions: the temperatures of theelement formation layer (substrate) were −40° C., −25° C., 25° C., 75°C., 125° C., and 150° C. Note that L_(ov) represents the width of aportion where a gate electrode overlaps with one of a pair ofelectrodes, and dW represents the width of a portion of the pair ofelectrodes which does not overlap with an oxide semiconductor film.

FIG. 22 shows the V_(gs) dependence of I_(ds) (a solid line) and thefield-effect mobility (a dotted line). FIG. 23A shows the relationbetween the threshold voltage and the temperature of the elementformation layer (substrate). FIG. 23B shows the relation between thefield-effect mobility and the temperature of the element formation layer(substrate).

From FIG. 22 and FIG. 23A, it is found that the threshold voltage getslower as the temperature of the element formation layer (substrate)increases. Note that the threshold voltage is decreased from 1.09 V to−0.23 V in the range from −40° C. to 150° C.

From FIG. 22 and FIG. 23B, it is found that the field-effect mobilitygets lower as the temperature of the element formation layer (substrate)increases. Note that the field-effect mobility is decreased from 36cm²/V·s to 32 cm²/V·s in the range from −40° C. to 150° C. Thus, it isfound that variation in electrical characteristics is small in the abovetemperature range.

The above is the description of the transistors including the oxidesemiconductor layer containing In, Sn, and Zn.

In the transistor including the oxide semiconductor layer containing In,Sn, and Zn as its main components, the field-effect mobility can be 30cm²/V·s or higher, preferably 40 cm²/V·s or higher, further preferably60 cm²/V·s or higher with the off-state current maintained at 1 aA/μm orlower, and can have on-state current high enough to meet thespecifications demanded for LSIs. For example, in a transistor with achannel width of 40 nm and a channel length of 33 nm, an on-statecurrent of 12 μA or higher can flow when the gate voltage is 2.7 V andthe drain voltage is 1.0 V. Moreover, the transistor can have favorableelectrical characteristics in the operating temperature range oftransistors. Since the transistor including the oxide semiconductorlayer has such characteristics, even when the transistor including theoxide semiconductor layer is included in a circuit constituted bytransistors including semiconductor layers containing a semiconductor ofGroup 14 (e.g., silicon), a circuit having a novel function can beprovided without sacrificing the operation speed.

This embodiment can be implemented in combination with any of the otherembodiments as appropriate.

Embodiment 7

In this embodiment, an arithmetic processing unit such as a CPU will bedescribed as an example of a semiconductor device.

FIG. 24 illustrates an example of an arithmetic processing unit.

The arithmetic processing unit in FIG. 24 includes a bus interface (IF)801, a control unit (CTL) 802, a cache memory (CACHE) 803, aninstruction decoder (IDecoder) 805, and a processing circuit 806.

The bus interface 801 has a function of exchanging signals with anexternal unit and a function of exchanging signals with circuits in thearithmetic processing unit.

The control unit 802 has a function of controlling operations of thecircuits in the arithmetic processing unit.

The cache memory 803 is controlled by the control unit 802 and has afunction of temporary retaining data used while the arithmeticprocessing unit operates. For example, a plurality of cache memories 803may be provided as a level-1 cache and a level-2 cache in the arithmeticprocessing unit.

The instruction decoder 805 has a function of translating an instructionsignal which is read. The translated instruction signal is input to thecontrol unit 802, and the control unit 802 outputs a control signalcorresponding to the instruction signal to the processing circuit 806.

The processing circuit 806 is controlled by the control unit 802 and hasa function of performing arithmetic processing in accordance with theinputted instruction signal. The processing circuit 806 includes an ALUor the like, and the logic circuit unit 101 and the storage circuit 103illustrated in FIGS. 1A to 1C, FIGS. 2A and 2B, FIG. 3, FIGS. 4A and 4B,FIGS. 5A to 5C, and FIGS. 6A and 6B can be provided in the processingcircuit 806.

Note that a register or the like may be provided as a memory in thearithmetic processing unit. In that case, the memory is controlled bythe control unit 802. For example, a plurality of memories may beprovided in the arithmetic processing unit, and some memories may beused as memories for the processing circuit 806 and other memories maybe used as registers for the instruction decoder 805.

Further, the storage circuit 103 illustrated in FIGS. 1A to 1C, FIGS. 2Aand 2B, FIG. 3, FIGS. 4A and 4B, FIGS. 5A to 5C, and FIGS. 6A and 6B maybe provided in the control unit 802 or the instruction decoder 805. Inthat case, data input to a transistor in an integrated circuit can bestored in the storage circuit in the control unit 802 or the instructiondecoder 805, thereby achieving data retention, high-speed operation, andreduction in power consumption.

This embodiment can be implemented in combination with any of the otherembodiments as appropriate.

Embodiment 8

In this embodiment, examples of an electronic device including thearithmetic processing unit in Embodiment 7 will be described.

Examples of the electronic devices in this embodiment will be describedwith reference to FIGS. 25A to 25D.

The electronic device illustrated in FIG. 25A is an example of apersonal digital assistant. The personal digital assistant illustratedin FIG. 25A includes a housing 1001 a and a display portion 1002 aprovided in the housing 1001 a.

Note that a side surface 1003 a of the housing 1001 a may be providedwith a connection terminal for connecting the personal digital assistantto an external device and/or a button used to operate the personaldigital assistant in FIG. 25A.

The housing 1001 a in the personal digital assistant in FIG. 25Aincludes a CPU, a memory, an interface for transmitting and receivingsignals between the external device and each of the CPU and the memory,and an antenna for transmitting and receiving signals to and from theexternal device.

The personal digital assistant in FIG. 25A serves as one or more devicesselected from a telephone, an e-book reader, a personal computer, and agame machine, for example.

The electronic device illustrated in FIG. 25B is an example of afoldable personal digital assistant. The personal digital assistant inFIG. 25B includes a housing 1001 b, a display portion 1002 b provided inthe housing 1001 b, a housing 1004, a display portion 1005 provided inthe housing 1004, and a hinge 1006 for connecting the housing 1001 b andthe housing 1004.

In the personal digital assistant in FIG. 25B, the housing 1001 b can bestacked on the housing 1004 by moving the housing 1001 b or the housing1004 with the hinge 1006.

Note that a side surface 1003 b of the housing 1001 b or a side surface1007 of the housing 1004 may be provided with a connection terminal forconnecting the personal digital assistant to an external device and/or abutton for operating the personal digital assistant in FIG. 25B.

The display portion 1002 b and the display portion 1005 may displaydifferent images or one image. Note that the display portion 1005 is notnecessarily provided, and a keyboard which is an input device may beprovided instead of the display portion 1005.

The housing 1001 b or the housing 1004 in the personal digital assistantin FIG. 25B includes a CPU, a memory, and an interface for transmittingand receiving signals between the external device and each of the CPUand the memory. Note that the personal digital assistant in FIG. 25B mayinclude an antenna for transmitting and receiving signals to and fromthe external device.

The personal digital assistant in FIG. 25B serves as one or more of atelephone, an e-book reader, a personal computer, and a game machine,for example.

The electronic device illustrated in FIG. 25C is an example of astationary information terminal. The stationary information terminal inFIG. 25C includes a housing 1001 c and a display portion 1002 c providedin the housing 1001 c.

Note that the display portion 1002 c can be provided on a top board 1008of the housing 1001 c.

The housing 1001 c of the stationary information terminal in FIG. 25Cincludes a CPU, a memory, and an interface for transmitting andreceiving signals between the external device and each of the CPU andthe memory. Note that the stationary information terminal in FIG. 25Cmay include an antenna for transmitting and receiving signals to andfrom the external device.

Further, a side surface 1003 c of the housing 1001 c in the stationaryinformation terminal in FIG. 25C may be provided with one or more partsselected from a ticket ejection portion that ejects a ticket or thelike, a coin slot, and a bill slot.

The stationary information terminal in FIG. 25C serves as an automatedteller machine, a data communication terminal for ticketing or the like(also referred to as multi-media station), or a game machine, forexample.

FIG. 25D illustrates an example of a stationary information terminal.The stationary information terminal in FIG. 25D includes a housing 1001d and a display portion 1002 d provided in the housing 1001 d. Note thata support for supporting the housing 1001 d may also be provided.

Note that a side surface 1003 d of the housing 1001 d may be providedwith a connection terminal for connecting the stationary informationterminal to an external device and/or a button for operating thestationary information terminal in FIG. 25D.

The housing 1001 d of the stationary information terminal in FIG. 25Dmay include a CPU, a memory, and an interface for transmitting andreceiving signals between the external device and each of the CPU andthe memory. Moreover, the stationary information terminal in FIG. 25Dmay include an antenna for transmitting and receiving signals to andfrom the external device.

The stationary information terminal in FIG. 25D serves as a digitalphoto frame, a monitor, or a television device, for example.

The arithmetic processing unit in Embodiment 7 is used as the CPU in theelectronic devices illustrated in FIGS. 25A to 25D.

As described with reference to FIGS. 25A to 25D, the examples of theelectronic devices in this embodiment each include the arithmeticprocessing unit in Embodiment 7 as the CPU.

By using the storage circuit and the logic circuit in any of the aboveembodiments, the examples of the electronic devices in this embodimentcan retain data for a long time while power consumed by the arithmeticprocessing unit is reduced. In addition, the use of the storage circuitand the logic circuit in any of the above embodiments can reduce thearea of the arithmetic processing unit.

This embodiment can be implemented in combination with any of the otherembodiments as appropriate.

This application is based on Japanese Patent Application Serial No.2011-113057 filed with Japan Patent Office on May 20, 2011, the entirecontents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

What is claimed is:
 1. A semiconductor device comprising: a plurality oflogic circuit units, each of the plurality of logic circuit unitscomprising a plurality of logic circuits and a selector circuit; and astorage circuit including a plurality of first transistors, the storagecircuit operationally connected to each of the plurality of logiccircuit units, wherein the selector circuit is configured to select atleast one of results of the plurality of logic circuits in accordancewith data stored in the storage circuit, wherein a channel formationregion of each of the plurality of first transistors comprises an oxidesemiconductor, wherein a connection relation between the plurality oflogic circuit units is able to be changed in accordance with the data,wherein circuit configurations of the plurality of logic circuits ineach of the plurality of logic circuit units are able to be changed inaccordance with the data, and wherein the storage circuit is configuredto maintain at least one of the connection relation between theplurality of logic circuit units and the circuit configurations of theplurality of logic circuits in each of the plurality of logic circuitunits after supply of power supply voltage to the semiconductor deviceis stopped.
 2. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, whereinthe selector circuit includes a second transistor, a third transistor,and an inverter, wherein the storage circuit is electrically connectedto a gate of the second transistor through the inverter and to a gate ofthe third transistor, wherein the second transistor is configured toselect one of the results of the plurality of logic circuits, andwherein the third transistor is configured to select another one of theresults of the plurality of logic circuits.
 3. The semiconductor deviceaccording to claim 2, wherein a channel formation region of the secondtransistor and a channel formation region of the third transistorcomprise single crystal silicon.
 4. The semiconductor device accordingto claim 1, wherein the storage circuit further includes a plurality ofcapacitors.
 5. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, whereinthe oxide semiconductor contains indium, gallium, and zinc.
 6. Thesemiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein at least one of theplurality of first transistors is provided over a fourth transistorincluded in one of the plurality of logic circuits.
 7. The semiconductordevice according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of logiccircuit units is an arithmetic logic unit.
 8. A semiconductor devicecomprising: a plurality of logic circuit units, each of the plurality oflogic circuit units comprising a plurality of logic circuits and aselector circuit; and a storage circuit including a plurality of firsttransistors, the storage circuit operationally connected to each of theplurality of logic circuit units, wherein the storage circuit isconfigured to store data and maintain the data after supply of powersupply voltage is stopped, wherein the selector circuit is configured toselect at least one of results of the plurality of logic circuits inaccordance with the data, wherein a channel formation region of each ofthe plurality of first transistors comprises an oxide semiconductor,wherein a connection relation between the plurality of logic circuitunits is able to be changed in accordance with the data, wherein circuitconfigurations of the plurality of logic circuits in each of theplurality of logic circuit units are able to be changed in accordancewith the data, and wherein supply of the power supply voltage stops toat least one of an unused logic circuit unit and an unused logic circuitin accordance with at least one of the circuit configurations of theplurality of logic circuits in each of the plurality of logic circuitunits and the circuit configurations of the plurality of logic circuitsin each of the plurality of logic circuit units.
 9. The semiconductordevice according to claim 8, wherein the selector circuit includes asecond transistor, a third transistor, and an inverter, wherein thestorage circuit is electrically connected to a gate of the secondtransistor through the inverter and to a gate of the third transistor,wherein the second transistor is configured to select one of the resultsof the plurality of logic circuits, and wherein the third transistor isconfigured to select another one of the results of the plurality oflogic circuits.
 10. The semiconductor device according to claim 9,wherein a channel formation region of the second transistor and achannel formation region of the third transistor comprise single crystalsilicon.
 11. The semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein thestorage circuit further includes a plurality of capacitors.
 12. Thesemiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the oxidesemiconductor contains indium, gallium, and zinc.
 13. The semiconductordevice according to claim 8, wherein the storage circuit is configuredto maintain at least one of the connection relation between theplurality of logic circuit units in accordance with the data and thecircuit configurations of the plurality of logic circuits in each of theplurality of logic circuit units after supply of the power supplyvoltage to the semiconductor device is stopped.
 14. The semiconductordevice according to claim 8, wherein each of the plurality of logiccircuit units is an arithmetic logic unit.
 15. The semiconductor deviceaccording to claim 8, wherein at least one of the plurality of firsttransistors is provide over a fourth transistor included in one of theplurality of logic circuits.